Glommish

Glommish/Lexicon
Glommish/Swadesh list

Glommish (þiúdьsk /ɬʲuːtʲsʲk/ or þe þiúdьske mál /ɬə ˈɬʲuːtʲsʲkə maːɫ/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic (more precisely, Þiúdic) language spoken in Lõis's Þiúdland (our Northern France and Western Germany). It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.

Todo

kw gw hw > p b f

awj > ój: strójen 'sow', fróje 'queen'

szczip = 'ship'

-skapie = '-ship'

ízer, ízre, ízers = 'iron'

-í (stressed): Hebrew nisba adjectives (leumí = 'national'; yn leumíe fírdag 'a national holiday')

avsun = 'bastard son; son of a bitch'

friuþ = 'peace'

liúdie, liúdiem, liúdie = 'people'

geliór = 'galore; (interjection) A-OK' (< Irish go leor)

andie (f) = 'end'

Phonology

Like many European languages on Lõis, Glommish phonology is characterized by pairs of hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Lateral		Postalveolar	Velar		Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.		pal.	plain
Nasal		m m	mь mʲ	n n̪	nь nʲ
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	pь pʲ	t t̪, c ts	tь tʲ, cь tsʲ			cz tʃ	kь kʲ	k k
	voiced	b b	bь bʲ	d d̪	dь dʲ			dż dʒ	gь gʲ	g g
Fricative	voiceless	f f	fь fʲ	s s	sь sʲ	þ ɬˠ	þь ɬʲ	sz ʃ	chь, hь ç	ch x	h h
	voiced	v v	vь vʲ	z z	zь zʲ
Resonant				r ɾ	rь rʲ	l ɫ	lь lʲ		j j

/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native Þiúdьsk. /kʲ, gʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans: e.g. skiél /sʲkʲeːɫ/ 'happening, situation' (from Irish scéal 'story'), kiúnь /kʲuːnʲ/ 'shy' (from Irish ciúin 'quiet, silent, tranquil'), hegigí /hegʲɪˈgʲiː/ 'solemn' (from Hebrew חגיגי ħəgigi).

Orthographical notes:

• The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
• The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.

Notes

• Hard /ɬ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ].
• word final -rC (but not -lC) is pronounced [ɾəC]: hard [ˈhaɾəd] 'hard, difficult'.

Vowels

Naively speaking, there are five phonemic vowel qualities with length, but the exact number of vowel phonemes is up for debate (cf. the phonemic status of short vowels in Irish). y ý can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of i í.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	(y /ɨ/)	(ý /ɨː/)	u /ʊ/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	(e [ə])		o /ɔ/	ó /oː/
Open			a /a/	á /aː/

When /ɪ/ or /iː/ occurs word-initially, they become [jɪ] and [jiː]

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 cases; however, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine and feminine (the neuter has merged with the masculine).

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article yn and the definite article þe. The indefinite article is also used in the plural for indefinite amounts ("some" or "a few"), as in Spanish.

Definite article

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	þe	þí	þí
dat.	þem	þier	þím
gen.	þes	þier	þier

Indefinite article

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	yn	ne	ne
dat.	me	ner	nem
gen.	yns	ner	ner

Consonant stems

a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vulf	vulfe
Dative	vulfe	vulfem
Genitive	vulfs	vulfe

ja-stem: bazь (m.) 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bazь	bazie
Dative	bazie	baziem
Genitive	bazies	bazie

u-stem: sun (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sun	sunie
Dative	sune	suniem
Genitive	suns	sunie

z-stem: lamb (m.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lamb	lambie
Dative	lambe	lambiem
Genitive	lambs	lambie

n-stems

Declined like weak adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.

biare (m.) 'bear'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	biare	biaren
Dative	biarenь	biarem
Genitive	biarenь	biaren

name (m.) 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	name	namen
Dative	namenь	namem
Genitive	namenь	namen

Also: ave 'river', funie 'fire', mage 'stomach, maw', vatie 'water'.

Vowel stems

Nouns with this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -inь (feminizing suffix), -yng (deverbal noun) or -hýd (abstract noun) also belong to this class.

ō-stem: naze (f.) 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	naze	nazer
Dative	naze	nazem
Genitive	nazer	naze

ōn-stem: dżáve (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dżáve	dżáver
Dative	dżáve	dżávem
Genitive	dżáver	dżáve

i-stem: sundie (f.) 'crime, offense'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sundie	sundier
Dative	sundie	sundiem
Genitive	sundier	sundie

(The religious concept of sin is conveyed by a different word chiét, a Hebrew loan.)

īn-stem: starcze (f.) 'strength, starch'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	starcze	starczer
Dative	starcze	starczem
Genitive	starczer	starcze

ō-stem: riaknyng (f.) 'balance, bottom line, result'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	riaknyng	riaknynger
Dative	riaknyng	riaknyngem
Genitive	riaknynger	riaknyng

u-stem: honde (f.) 'hand'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	honde	hondier
Dative	honde	hondiem
Genitive	honder	hondie

Grab bag

r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrie
Dative	fadre	fadriem
Genitive	fadiers	fadrie

Also: mádier 'mother', bráþier 'brother', sviestier 'sister', dútier 'daughter'.

Adjectives

Declension

Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives: þí móren báke 'the big books'. The strong declension is used otherwise: ne móre báke 'some big books'. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	gáde	gáde	gáde
dat.	gádme	gáder	gádem
gen.	gádes	gáder	gáder

Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	gáde	gáden
dat.	gádenь	gádem
gen.	gádenь	gáden

Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	skónie	skónie	skónie
dat.	skónьme	skónier	skóniem
gen.	skónies	skónier	skónier

Weak declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	skónie	skónien
dat.	skónienь	skóniem
gen.	skónienь	skónien

Degree

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -ьst: svát, svátier, svátьst 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gád	batier	bast
"bad"	druk	virsier	virst
"much, many"	fiel	mýr	mýst
"near"	niáv	niávier	niáfьst (also 'next')

Pronouns

Personal

The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.

et only survives as a dummy pronoun, along with þat.

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			m.	f.	n.
nom.	ik	þú	er	sí	et	vír	úr	sí	-
acc.	mik	þik	ín	í	et	unsь	ú	í	sik
dat.	mir	þir	im	jar	-	unsь	ú	ím	sir
gen.	mín	þín	is	jar	-	unsier	úrer	jar	sín

To form possessive pronouns, strong adjective endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; however, unsier and úrer become unsьre and úre.

Demonstrative

• þize = this; jéne = that
• fa, fam, fazes = who; fat = what
• fí = how; só = like this/that, so, thus
• fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
• farup = why
• filьke = which
• solьke = such
• ale = all, every
  • ale X ok X = each and every X

Prepositions

• an = on
• at = at
• befur = before, in front of
• furь = for
• in = in
• um = around
• uvier = over

Verbs

Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example:

• There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
• The past subjunctive has disappeared except viárie 'were, would be' and dżendże 'would'.
• The use of the present subjunctive is limited, and is used similarly to the present subjunctive in English.

Thematic verbs

For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i); -di- is added otherwise.

Hard thematic

lióven 'to love'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	lióve	lióver	lióveþь	lióvem	lióveþ	lióven
present subjunctive	lióve	lióves	lióve	lióvem	lióveþ	lióven
past	lióvъdie	lióvъdier	lióvъdie	lióvъdiem	lióvъdied	lióvъdien
imperative	-	lióv! / lióve!	-	-	lióveþ!	-
present participle	lióvend
past participle	lióvd

Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'

Soft thematic

varmien 'to warm'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	varmie	varmier	varmþь	varmiem	varmieþ	varmien
present subjunctive	varmie	varmies	varmie	varmiem	varmieþ	varmien
past	varmdie	varmdier	varmdie	varmdiem	varmdied	varmdien
imperative	-	varmь! / varmie!	-	-	varmieþ!	-
present participle	varmiend
past participle	varmied

Other examples: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadżen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'execute, set into motion'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindżen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budżen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þachtie, þacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bíten 'to bite'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	bítie	bítier	bítieþь	bítiem	bítieþ	bítien
present subjunctive	bíte	bítes	bíte	bítem	bíteþ	bíten
past	bit	biter	bit	bitem	biteþ	biten
imperative	-	bítь! / bítie!	-	-	bítieþ!	-
present participle	bítend
past participle	biten

Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', dríven, driv, driven 'walk', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', vríten, vrit, vriten 'write'

Strong class 2

czózen 'to choose'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	czózie	czózier	czózieþь	czóziem	czózieþ	czózien
present subjunctive	czóze	czózes	czóze	czózem	czózeþ	czózen
past	kóz	kózer	kóz	kózem	kózeþ	kózen
imperative	-	czózь! / czózie!	-	-	czózieþ!	-
present participle	czózend
past participle	kuzen

Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', biógen, bóg, bugen 'bow', fliógen, flóg, flugen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friózen, fróz, fruzen 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	bindie	bindier	bindieþь	bindiem	bindieþ	bindien
present subjunctive	binde	bindes	binde	bindem	bindeþ	binden
past	band	bander	band	bandem	bandeþ	banden
imperative	-	bindь! / bindie!	-	-	bindieþ!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: biedżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finþen, fanþ, funþen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'flow'; springen, ssprang, sprungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, samb, sumben 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; þrimben, þramb, þrumben 'push'.

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	bierie	bierier	bierieþь	bieriem	bierieþ	bierien
present subjunctive	biare	biares	biare	biarem	biarþ	biaren
past	bar	barer	bar	barem	barþ	baren
imperative	-	bierь! / bierie!	-	-	bierieþ!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', piamen, pam, pumen 'come', stialen, stal, stulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'die'

Strong class 5

dżaven 'to give'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	dżevie	dżevier	dżevieþь	dżeviem	dżevieþ	dżevien
present subjunctive	dżave	dżaves	dżave	dżavem	dżaveþ	dżaven
past	gav	gaver	gav	gavem	gaveþ	gaven
imperative	-	dżevь! / dżevie!	-	-	dżevieþ!	-
present participle	dżavend
past participle	dżaven

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit', ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', liedżen, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

graven 'to dig'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	gravie	gravier	gravieþь	graviem	gravieþ	gravien
present subjunctive	grave	graves	grave	gravem	graveþ	graven
past	gráv	gráver	gráv	grávem	gráveþ	gráven
imperative	-	gravь! / gravie!	-	-	gravieþ!	-
present participle	gravend
past participle	graven

Also: faren, fár, faren 'spread', slagen, slág, slagen 'kill', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hýten, hít, híten - to be called

lópen, lióp, liópen - to run

stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter

halden, hiald, hialden - to hold

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

Preterite-present verbs

viten 'to know'

viten 'to know'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	výt	výst	výt	vitem	viteþ	viten
present subjunctive	vite	vites	vite	vitem	viteþ	viten
past	vistie	vistier	vistie	vistiem	vistieþ	vistien
imperative	-	výt! / výte!	-	-	viteþ!	-
present participle	vitend
past participle	vist

kunen 'can, be able to'

kunen 'can'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	kan	kanst	kan	kunem	kunþ	kunen
present subjunctive	kune	kunes	kune	kunem	kuneþ	kunen
past	kundie	kundier	kundie	kundiem	kundieþ	kundien

Similarly skulen 'should', þurven 'have to'.

máten 'may'

This verb is derived from from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

máten 'may'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	mát	mást	mát	mátem	máteþ	máten
present subjunctive	máte	mátes	mát	mátem	máteþ	máten
past	mástie	mástier	mástie	mástiem	mástieþ	mástien

Other irregular verbs

vín 'want to'

vín 'want to'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	ví	vír	ví	vím	víþ	vín
present subjunctive	ví	vís	vím	vím	víþ	vín
past	vildie	vildier	vildie	vildiem	vildieþ	vildien

bión 'be'

bión 'to be'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	jem	jer	isь	sim	siþ	sinь
present subjunctive	bió	biós	bió	bióm	bióþ	bión
past indicative	vas	vast	vas	viárem	viárþ	viáren
past subjunctive	viárie	viárier	viárie	viáriem	viárieþ	viárien
imperative	-	bió!	-	-	bióþ!	-
present participle	biónd
past participle	viáren

dán 'do'

dán 'to do'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	dá	dár	dáþь	dám	dáþ	dán
present subjunctive	dá	dás	dá	dám	dáþ	dán
past	dié	diér	dié	diém	diéþ	dién
imperative	-	dá!	-	-	dáþ!	-
present participle	dánd
past participle	dán

gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'

gán 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/et	vír	úr	í
present indicative	gá	gár	gáþь	gám	gáþ	gán
present subjunctive	gá	gás	gá	gám	gáþ	gán
past indicative	dżang	dżanger	dżang	dżangem	dżangþ	dżangen
past subjunctive1	dżendże	dżendżer	dżendże	dżendżem	dżendżeþ	dżendżen
imperative	-	gá!	-	-	gáþ!	-
present participle	gánd
past participle	dżangen

¹ Grammaticalized as the subjunctive/conditional marker.

Also: fán - to get, to obtain

Derivational morphology

• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
• -bier: '-able'
• end-: 'de-, dis-'
• er-: telic
• fer-: "for-"
• for-: "fore-"
• -ful: "-ful"
• ge-
• -hýd: -ness, -hood
• -i: forms adjectives from nouns
• -lóz: "-less"
  • andielóz: 'endless' < andie 'end'
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
  • dadżlik 'daily' < dag 'day'
  • vurdlik 'literal' < vurd 'word'
• mis-: "mis-"
• -nes: forms nouns from verbs
• -nie: feminine suffix
  • fuksnie 'vixen' < fuks 'fox'
• -sam: "-some"
  • ýnsam 'lonely' < ýn 'one'
  • gefiársam 'dangerous' < gefiár 'danger'
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • unró 'unrest, unease'
• -yng/-ing: forms nouns from verbs
  • hýting 'heating' < hýtien 'to heat'

Syntax

Word order is V2.

Negation

The negative particle is yncz.

Possession

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þí dżáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift'.

For predicative possession Glommish, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: Tvý sunier bión at mir. "I have two sons." (lit. Two sons are at me, like Irish Tá dhá mhac agam)

Simple tenses

Simple present

The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true states of the world, like the English simple present.

Simple past

The simple past is like the English simple past.

Present subjunctive

High register in modern Glommish.

Imperative

Exactly what it says on the tin.

Compound tenses

Celtic influence. Unlike in other Germanic languages, the past participle is not used grammatically.

Progressive

Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive, and the infinitive is put at the end of the clause. An object of the verb becomes the possessor of the verbal noun.

• Ik em at þas apels jaten. "I am eating the apple." (lit. I am at the apple's eating, like Irish Táim ag ith an úill)

Perfect

The perfect is used like the English perfect. Formed similarly to the progressive, but with after instead of at.

• Ik em after þas apels jaten. "I have eaten the apple." (lit. I am after the apple's eating, cf. Hiberno-English)

Clauses

Conjunctions

• ok = and
• eþ = or
• nierь = but
• þóch = although
• þá, als (literary) = when
• vaþier... eþ... = either... or...
• niáþier... nieþ... = neither... nor...
• saker = because

Conditional

There are two words that translate to "if", as in Irish and Hebrew:

• iv = if (used for conditions that could be true, like Irish má; also used in indirect questions; from *jabai)
• sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions, like Irish dá; from *sagdēdī "if it were said")

Numbers

Glommish uses a base-120 numeral system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred). 0-10: afes, ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/

11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲinftʲeːn, sʲækstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/

20-110: tvýntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ýlьfъtich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./

120: hunderþ /hundərɬ/

14400: revóv /rə'vɔv/

Ordinal numbers are formed with -t- or -þ-: ýrst, tvýþ, þridь, fiórþ, finfþ, ...

Phrasebook

• Gád murgen!/Gád dag!/Gád jévenþ!/Gád nachtie!
• Rió isь an mir. = "I'm sorry."
• Taler þú ... = 'Do you speak...'
  • ... érьsk? = '... Irish?'
  • ... gyverьsk? = '... Hebrew?'
  • ... tiurenьsk? = '... Türiŋit?'
  • ... saksiesk? = '... Siaksisz?'
  • ... terykьsk? = '... Cascadian Turkish?'

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Ale manьsken sinь frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem buren. Sí sinь mid ferstande ok gevítie biedżávd ok þurven ýn gaszt niáfьste in gýste bráþierhýder biedríven.

[ˈaɫə ˈmanʲskən sʲɪnʲ fʲrʲiː ək gəˈlʲiːk an ˈvurɬʲɪ k ˈanrʲaxtəm ˈbʊrən || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲiːtʲɪ bʲɪˈdʒaːvd ək ˈɬˠʊrvən ɨ̽ːn gaʃt nʲaˈfʲstə jɪŋ gɨ̽ːstə ˈbraːɬʲɪrhɨ̽ːdər bʲɪˈdʲrʲiːvən]

All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Gettysburg Address

Achtich-sieven vandie þier jarþer isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren an þisme jarþdýlie yn niúe ume, in fríhýd tiúszt, ok þem belóvnese ervíed, þat ale manьsken sindь gelík skafen.