Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
|+ ''qutria'' 'blood' | |+ ''qutria'' 'blood' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | ||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''qutria'' || ''qutriar'' | | ''qutria'' || ''qutriar'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 23:21, 26 February 2017
Rostherian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (erhbaerostherim 'The Rostherian language') is a Talmic language spoken in East Cuadhlabh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic.
Numbers
- 1: pêm
- 2: tiłuar
- 3: narhg
- 4: lôb
- 5: selił
- 6: thiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: barh
- 10: ghîr
- 11: hunaes?
- 12: naes
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | nh /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | th /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | dh /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | sh /ʂ/ | łh /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | w /v~w/ | r /r/ | l /l/ | rh /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/ | gh /ʁ/ | ||||
evidentials, quasi-polysynthetic
Vowels
i i: u u: e e: ə ə: o o: a a: ai ei iə eu uə oi iu
⟨i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu⟩
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > î
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > sh; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > rh
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > rhelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bâłhi 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > rh-, m-, nh-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > sh-, rh-, sh-
- *st, sk > t-/st, th-/sth-
- stas- > tatsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > thytti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > rhb, rhdh, rhg
- *nasg- > narhg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > tłiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ôłus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, :ʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > nêth /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > shûn 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > lênh 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > rhîd 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt ss ts gh
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > th-/sth, s-/ss
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction (like Welsh), and may also take possessive suffixes.
Masculine nouns
Feminine nouns
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| qutria | qutriar |
Neuter nouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | rhîd | rhîdin |
| Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | tektət | tektəerət |
| 1sg possessor | tektən | tektəerən |
| 2sg.m possessor | tektəssi | tektəerəssi |
| 2sg.f possessor | tektəssiu | tektəerəssiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | tektiu | tektəeriu |
| 3sg.f possessor | tektī | tektəerī |
| 3sg.n possessor | tektəta | tektəera |
| 1exc possessor | tektəsmo | tektəersmo |
| 1inc possessor | tektəswi | tektəerswi |
| 2pl possessor | tektəka | tektəerka |
| 3pl possessor | tektōr | tektəerōr |
Verbs
Subject affixes
| Person | Suffix | tłiagin "I believe" |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG | -n | tłiagin |
| 2SG | -r | tłiagir |
| 3SG.M/N | -0 | tłiagi |
| 3SG.F | -s | tłiagis |
| 1EX | -me | tłiagime |
| 1IN | -nt | tłiagint |
| 2PL | -sh | tłiagish |
| 3PL | -t | tłiagit |