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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Netagin consonants'''
|-
! colspan="14"|Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan= "2"|
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Labio-dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pharyngealized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pharyngealized</small>
|-
! colspan="2"| Nasals
|'''m, mb''' /mˠ~mʲ/
|
|
|
|'''n, nd, nˀ, nh''' /nˠ~ȵ/
|'''nˤ, nḥ''' /nˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''ng''' /ɲ~ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /pˠ~pʲ/
|
|
|
|'''t''' /tˠ~t͡ɕ/
|'''ṭ''' /tˤ~ɗˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''c''' /c~k/
|'''q''' /q/
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|'''ˀ''' /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b, bp''' /bˠ~bʲ/
|
|
|
|'''d, dt''' /dˠ~d͡ʑ/
|'''dṭ''' /dˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''g, gc''' /ɟ~g/
|'''gq''' /ɢ/
|
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|'''f, ph''' /fˠ~fʲ/
|'''th''' /θ/
|'''ṭh''' /fˤ~θˤ/
|'''s''' /sˠ~ɕ/
|
|'''š''' /ʂˠ~ʃ/
| colspan="2"|'''ch''' /ç~x/
|'''qh''' /χ/
|'''ḥ, fh''' /ħ/
| rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|'''bh''' /vˠ~vʲ/
|'''dh''' /ð/
|
|'''z''' /zˠ~ʑ/
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''gh''' /(j~)ʝ~ɣ/
|'''r''' /ʁ~ʀ/
|'''ˁ''' /ʕ/
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''mh, mhf''' /w~vʲ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /j(~ʝ)/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral app.
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ~ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral fric.
|
|
|
|
|'''ś''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral aff.
|
|
|
|
|'''tz''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The phoneme /tˤ/ is commonly realized as an implosive, [ɗˤ] word-initially.
In the standard pronunciation (but not in all dialects; notably not in the Ṭašálí dialect) all consonants except /j/, pharyngealized coronals, uvulars, gutturals (pharyngeals and glottals), lateral fricatives and affricates and dental fricatives are strongly palatalized when preceding a front vowel and (especially for coronals) velarized before a back vowel. (Some speakers also velarize and palatalize lateral obstruents /ɬ/ and /tɬ/.) This serves to more clearly distinguish plain consonants from their emphatic counterparts.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /ɣ/
! /x/
! /g/
! /k/
! /ŋ/
! /ʂ/
! /l/
! /z/
! /s/
! /d/
! /t/
! /n/
! /w/
! /v/
! /f/
! /b/
! /p/
! /m/
|-
! Velarized
| [ɣ]
| [x]
| [g]
| [k]
| [ŋ]
| [ʂˠ]
| [ɫ]
| [zˠ]
| [sˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [tˠ]
| [nˠ]
| [w]
| [vˠ]
| [fˠ]
| [bˠ]
| [pˠ]
| [mˠ]
|-
! Palatalized
| [ʝ(~j)]
| [ç]
| [ɟ]
| [c]
| [ɲ]
| [ʃ]
| [ʎ]
| [ʑ]
| [ɕ]
| [d͡ʑ]
| [t͡ɕ]
| [ȵ]
|colspan="2"| [vʲ]
| [fʲ]
| [bʲ]
| [pʲ]
| [mʲ]
|}
''Y'' and slender ''gh'' are merged by many speakers.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===

Revision as of 22:10, 7 May 2017

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close í /i(ː)/ [ɨ] ú /u(ː)/
Near-close i /ɪ/ u /ʊ/
Close-mid é /e(ː)/ [ɘ] ó /o(ː)/
Mid
Open-mid e /ɛ/ [ɜ] o /ɔ/
Near-open
Open a /ä/ á /ɒ(ː)/

Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after pharyngealized or uvular consonants.

Vowels are nasalized before /ʕ/, /ħ/ and /ʁ/.

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

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