Togarmite

Togarmite
Þėrmiþ
Pronunciation	[/θermiþ/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic North Semitic (Togarmo-Canaanite) Togarmite

Togarmite (Þėrmiþ /θermiθ/ or lysėnyn þėrmijyn /ˈləsenən θermijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Maltese, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatically restructuring (such as loss of grammatical gender and the use of the Old Togarmite waw-subjunctive for the present tense), taking features of the Greece-Turkey-Northern Levant sprachbund.

Todo

• gdėl = big
• kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
• mkodas = holy, sacred (from Old Semehliþ muquddaš)
  • mkosyn = expletive/swear word like "damn"
• Çabśyn w frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses
• nabė = to call out (wrongdoing)

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 22 native consonants:

• m n /m n/
• p t c k ' /(p) t ts k ʔ/
• b d g /b d g/
• f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
• w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
• l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /ɛ ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

???

Pronouns

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we	you (pl.)	they
Nominative	nėx	aþ	eþ	hu	hi	ži	nanė	aþym	høm
Objective	þi	þax	þex	þau	þa	þež	þynė	þaxym	þaum
Possessive	li	lax	lex	lau	la	lež	lynė	laxym	laum
Reflexive/Intensive	afi	afax	afex	afau	afa	afež	afnė	afxym	afaum

The pronouns aþym and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

Regular noun declension

	singular	plural
indefinite	ȝėlam	ȝėlami
definite	ȝėlamyn	ȝėlamil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėrmi 'Togarmite'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėrmi	þėrmije
definite	þėrmijyn	þėrmijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -þ.

šeȝarþ '(strand of) hair'

	singular	plural
indefinite	šeȝarþ	šeȝar
definite	šeȝarþyn	šeȝaril

Former feminines

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

lysėn 'tongue; language'

	singular	plural
indefinite	lysėn	lysėnėþ
definite	lysėnyn	lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'defense (apologetics)'

	singular	plural
indefinite	apoloža	apoložė
definite	apoložan	apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėma	þėmė / þėmata
definite	þėman	þėmataþil

By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'

	singular	plural
indefinite	heta	hetė
definite	hetan	hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.

Verbs

• Past = prefix conjugation
• Present = particle še (from Old Tog. yašē₂b 'sits') + w-form?
• Future = suffix conjugation
• Subjunctive = w-form (like the Hebrew construction wa-ashiv-ah "so that I may answer")
• Imperative
• Infinitive
• Participles

Passive uses the PSem stative; use passive participle for past passive

Binyanim

Binyan 1: fȝal

Binyan 1a conjugation: xþab 'he wrote'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	xþabti	xþabt	xþab	xþabnė	xþabtøm	xþybu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti waxþøb	hwit wtyxþøb	hwė wexþøb	hwinė wnyxþøb	hwitøm wtyxþøbu	hwu wexþøbu
present	yxþøb	tyxþøb	jyxþøb	nyxþøb	tyxþøbu	jyxþøbu
present progressive	še waxþøb	še wtyxþøb	še wexþøb	še wnyxþøb	še wtyxþøbu	še wexþøbu
future	ėbe xþėb	tėbe xþėb	jėbe xþėb	nėbe xþėb	tėbu xþėb	jėbu xþėb
w-form	waxþøb	wtyxþøb	wexþøb	wnyxþøb	wtyxþøbu	wexþøbu
imperative	-	xþøb!	-	-	xþøbu!	-
participle	xėþėb			xėþebi
verbal noun	xþėb

Binyan 2: faȝėl

taȝėm 'to elect'

Binyan 3: hyfȝėl

hytȝėm 'to distinguish'

Binyan 7: styfȝėl

stytȝėm 'to try out'

Concatenative "binyanim"

• [STEM] = active
• ʔaC-[STEM] (geminating) = passive
• ta-[STEM] = reflexive/reciprocal
• mV- = participle
• []-aþ/-at- = verbal noun
• -uþ = -ity, -ness
• i- = non-, un-

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

• the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
• the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
• the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Numerals

1: yhad 2: šnai / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrim 30: šlėšim 40: yrbȝim 50: hymsim 60: setsim 70: sybȝim 80: šmėnim 90: þesȝim 10: me'yþ

Lexicon

ʔ

• √ʔwr
  • aur 'light'
  • awėr 'to illuminate'
• √ʔžn
  • øžny 'ear'
• √ʔxl
  • yxal 'to eat'
  • exly 'food'
  • taxil 'comsumption'
• √ʔmn
  • amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
  • hy'ymėn 'to trust, to believe'
• √ʔmr
  • ymar 'to say'
  • emry 'remark'
  • amer 'to assert, to affirm'
• √ʔrþ
  • arþy 'earth'
• √ʔþj
  • yþė 'to come'

B

• bajþ 'house'
• √brʔ
  • bra 'to create'
  • bri 'healthy'

G

• √gdl
  • gdėl = big
  • aþgdyl = to grow

D

• √drx
  • darxy = road
  • drax = to go, to walk
  • hydrėx = to lead
• √drs
  • dras = to study, to learn
  • darės = to demand
  • þydarės = to teach
  • mydras = school

H

• √hdš
  • hyduš 'new'
• √htʔ
  • heta 'sin'
  • hatė 'to sin'
• √hmd
• √hml
  • hymal 'to suffer'
  • hymul 'patient'
• √hmm
  • hymum 'warm'

W

• √wld
  • waldy 'child'
  • molad 'birth'
  • wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
  • holėd 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
• √wrš
  • waršy 'inheritance'
  • wrėš 'to inherit'
  • wriš 'heritable'
  • wrišt 'gene'
  • morašt 'heritage'
  • twarešt 'tradition'

Z

• √zhr (?)
  • hazhėr 'to warn'
• √zrȝ
  • zarȝe 'seed'
  • zraȝ 'to sow'

Ž

• √žbh
  • tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
  • žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
• žbi 'antelope'
• √žhb
  • žahab 'gold'
  • žahėb 'to gild'
• √žhr
  • žohri 'noon'
• √žxr
  • žyxar 'to remember'
  • žaxėr 'to record; to memorize'
  • hažxėr 'to remind'
  • haždaxar 'to come to mind'
  • styžxėr 'to make note of'
• žrȝ
  • žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'

T

• √tȝm
  • tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
  • taȝėm 'to elect'
    • taȝum 'election'
  • þytaȝėm '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
  • stytȝėm 'to try out'

J

• jad 'hand'
• √jbs
  • jabas 'dry'

X

• √xsf
  • maxsaf 'bank'

L

• √lbs
• √lmd
  • lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
  • lamėd 'to show, to point out'
  • halθamad 'to find one's way around'
• lysėn 'tongue; language'

M

• √mlx
  • malxy 'king'

N

• √nbʔ
  • nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
  • nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
• √nśʔ
  • nyša 'to carry'
• √nþn
  • nyþan 'to give'

Ȝ

• √ȝny
  • ȝnė 'to answer'
  • þyȝanė 'to satisfy'
• √ȝšj
  • ȝyšė 'to do, to make'
  • maȝše 'act'

F

• √flʔ
  • føle 'miracle'
  • hafle 'to amaze'
  • miføla 'wonderful'

S

• √sxn
  • sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
  • mesxan 'apartment'
  • saxėn 'to inhabit'
• √smȝ
  • smaȝ 'to hear'

Š

• šmėl 'north'

C

• √cbȝ
• √cdk

K

• √kds
  • kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
  • hakdės 'to sanctify'
• √krʔ
  • kra 'to read, to call'
  • mekra 'scripture'
  • takru 'invocation, prayer'
• √ksm
  • haksėm 'to curse'

P

• √psf
  • psif 'vote'
  • psifin 'voting'
  • psaf 'to vote'

R

• √rʔj
  • ry'ė 'to see'