Togarmite

Togarmite
Þėgamiþ
Pronunciation	[/θegamiθ/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic North Semitic (Togarmo-Canaanite) Togarmite

Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or lysėnyn þėgamijyn /ˈləsenən θegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English:

• loss of grammatical gender
• loss of the passive binyanim
• the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-subjunctive) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe

Todo

• gdėl = big
• kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
• mkodas = holy, sacred (from Old Semehliþ muquddaš)
  • mkosyn = expletive/swear word like "damn"
• Kabšyn wy frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the most striking feature of Togarmite, the shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > [o:] occuring in its close relative Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'he acted', from Ancient Greek πραξις.

• m n /m n/
• p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
• b d g /b d g/
• f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
• w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
• l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /e ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Orthography

The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jėþ, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, tau

Pronouns

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we	you (pl.)	they
Nominative	nėx	aþ	eþ	hu	hi	že	nanė	aþøm	høm
Objective	þi	þax	þex	þau	þa	þež	þynė	þaxøm	þaum
Possessive	li	lax	lex	lau	la	lež	lynė	laxøm	laum
Reflexive/Intensive	afi	afax	afex	afau	afa	afež	afnė	afxøm	afaum

The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

Regular noun declension

	singular	plural
indefinite	ȝėlam	ȝėlami
definite	ȝėlamyn	ȝėlamil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėgami 'Togarmite'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėgami	þėgamije
definite	þėgamijyn	þėgamijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'

	singular	plural
indefinite	šeȝart	šeȝar
definite	šeȝartyn	šeȝaril

Former feminines/body parts

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

øžny 'ear'

	singular	plural
indefinite	øžny	øžnė
definite	øžnyn	øžnėþil

lysėn 'tongue; language'

	singular	plural
indefinite	lysėn	lysėnėþ
definite	lysėnyn	lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'excuse (pretext)'

	singular	plural
indefinite	apoloža	apoložes
definite	apoložan	apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėma	þėmes / þėmata
definite	þėman	þėmėþil / þėmataþil

By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'

	singular	plural
indefinite	heta	hetes
definite	hetan	hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.

Verbs

• Past = prefix conjugation (from the PSem preterite)
• Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem (variant of the PSem non-past)
• Imperative
  • The negative imperative is formed with al + 2nd person past tense: xþøb 'write! (singular)', al tyxþøb! 'don't write! (singular)'
• w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3al binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
• Infinitive
• Participles

The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like hwė 'to be'.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Binyan 1: xþøb

This binyan can take -ø-, -e- or -a- as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1a conjugation: xþøb 'write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	yxþøb	tyxþøb	jyxþøb	nyxþøb	tyxþøbu	jyxþøbu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wyxþab	hwit wyxþab	hwė wyxþab	hwinė wnyxþøb	hwitøm wtyxþøbu	hwu wėxþøbu
present	yxėþøb	tyxėþøb	jyxėþøb	nyxėþøb	tyxėþøbu	jyxėþøbu
present progressive	yše wyxþab	tyše wyxþab	jyše wyxþab	nyše wyxþab	tyšu wyxþab	jyšu wyxþab
present subjunctive	yxþøban	tyxþøban	jyxþøban	nyxþøban	tyxþøbun	jyxþøbun
future	ėbe xþėb	tėbe xþėb	jėbe xþėb	nėbe xþėb	tėbu xþėb	jėbu xþėb
imperative	-	xþøb!	-	-	xþøbu!	-
active participle	xėþeb			xėþebi
passive participle	myxþub			myxþubi
w-form	wyxþab
infinitive	xþėb

Binyan 2: faȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: saxen 'inhabit'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ysaxen	tysaxen	jysaxen	nysaxen	tysaxenu	jysaxenu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wysaxen	hwit wysaxen	hwė wysaxen	hwinė wysaxen	hwitøm wysaxen	hwu wysaxen
present	ysxėxen	tysxėxen	jysxėxen	nysxėxen	tysxėxenu	jysxėxenu
present progressive	yše wysaxen	tyše wysaxen	jyše wysaxen	nyše wysaxen	tyšu wysaxen	jyšu wysaxen
present subjunctive	ysaxenan	tysaxenan	jysaxenan	nysaxenan	tysaxenun	jysaxenun
future	ėbe saxun	tėbe saxun	jėbe saxun	nėbe saxun	tėbu saxun	jėbu saxun
imperative	-	saxen!	-	-	saxenu!	-
active participle	møsaxen			møsaxeni
passive participle	møsaxan			møsaxani
w-form	wysaxen
infinitive	saxun

Binyan 3: hafȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: hažxer 'remind'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ažxer	tažxer	jažxer	nažxer	tažxeru	jažxeru
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wažxer	hwit wažxer	hwė wažxer	hwinė wažxer	hwitøm wažxer	hwu wažxer
present	ažėxer	tažėxer	jažėxer	nažėxer	tažėxeru	jažėxeru
present progressive	yše wažxer	tyše wažxer	jyše wažxer	nyše wažxer	tyšu wažxer	jyšu wažxer
present subjunctive	ažxeran	tažxeran	jažxeran	nažxeran	tažxerun	jažxerun
future	ėbe hazxur	tėbe hazxur	jėbe hazxur	nėbe hazxur	tėbu hazxur	jėbu hazxur
imperative	-	hažxer!	-	-	hažxeru!	-
active participle	mažxer			mažxeri
passive participle	mažxar			mažxari
w-form	wažxer
infinitive	hazxur

Binyan 4: hyfty3el

The prefix þ metathesizes with C1 when

• C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
• C1 = d t þ: þd þt þþ > d t þ

Binyan 1a conjugation: hyþlymed 'find one's way around'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	yþlymed	tyþlymed	jyþlymed	nyþlymed	tyþlymed	jyþlymed
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wyþlymed	hwit wyþlymed	hwė wyþlymed	hwinė wyþlymed	hwitøm wyþlymed	hwu wyþlymed
present	yþlėmed	tyþlėmed	jyþlėmed	nyþlėmed	tyþlėmed	jyþlėmed
present progressive	yše wyþlymed	tyše wyþlymed	jyše wyþlymed	nyše wyþlymed	tyšu wyþlymed	jyšu wyþlymed
present subjunctive	yþlymedan	tyþlymedan	jyþlymedan	nyþlymedan	tyþlymedun	jyþlymedun
future	ėbe hyþlymud	tėbe hyþlymud	jėbe hyþlymud	nėbe hyþlymud	tėbu hyþlymud	jėbu hyþlymud
imperative	-	hyþlymed!	-	-	hyþlymedu!	-
active participle	møþlymed			møþlymedi
passive participle	møþlymad			møþlymadi
w-form	wyþlymėd
infinitive	hyþlymud

Binyan 5: þyfa3el

Binyan 1a conjugation: þydares 'teach'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	yþydares	jyþydares	jyþydares	nyþydares	tyþydaresu	jyþydaresu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wyþydares	hwit wyþydares	hwė wyþydares	hwinė wyþydares	hwitøm wyþydares	hwu wyþydares
present	yþydrėres	tyþydrėres	jyþydrėres	nyþydrėres	tyþydrėresu	jyþydrėresu
present progressive	yše wyþydares	tyše wyþydares	jyše wyþydares	nyše wyþydares	tyšu wyþydares	jyšu wyþydares
present subjunctive	yþydaresan	jyþydaresan	jyþydaresan	nyþydaresan	tyþydaresun	jyþydaresun
future	ėbe þydarus	tėbe þydarus	jėbe þydarus	nėbe þydarus	tėbu þydarus	jėbu þydarus
imperative	-	þydares!	-	-	þydaresu!	-
active participle	møþydares			møþydaresi
passive participle	møþydaras			møþydaresi
w-form	wyþydares
infinitive	þydarus

Binyan 6: heþyf3el

Binyan 1a conjugation: heþygdel 'grow up'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	eþygdel	teþygdel	jeþygdel	neþygdel	teþygdelu	jeþygdelu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti weþygdel	hwit weþygdel	hwė weþygdel	hwinė weþygdel	hwitøm weþygdel	hwu waþygdel
present	eþėgdel	teþėgdel	jeþėgdel	neþėgdel	teþėgdelu	jeþėgdelu
present progressive	yše weþygdel	tyše weþygdel	jyše weþygdel	nyše weþygdel	tyšu weþygdel	jyšu weþygdel
present subjunctive	eþygdelan	teþygdelan	jeþygdelan	neþygdelan	teþygdelan	jeþygdelan
future	ėbe heþygdul	tėbe heþygdul	jėbe heþygdul	nėbe heþygdul	tėbu heþygdul	jėbu heþygdul
imperative	-	heþygdel!	-	-	heþygdelu!	-
active participle	meþygdel			meþygdeli
passive participle	meþygdal			meþygdali
w-form	waþygdel
infinitive	heþygdul

Binyan 7: jystyfȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: jystytȝem 'he tried out'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ystytȝem	jystytȝem	jystytȝem	nystytȝem	tystytȝemu	jystytȝemu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wystytȝem	hwit wystytȝem	hwė wystytȝem	hwinė wystytȝem	hwitøm wystytȝem	hwu wystytȝem
present	ystytėȝem	tystytėȝem	jystytėȝem	nystytėȝem	tystytėȝemu	jystytėȝemu
present progressive	yše wystytȝem	tyše wystytȝem	jyše wystytȝem	nyše wystytȝem	tyšu wystytȝem	jyšu wystytȝem
present subjunctive	ystytȝeman	jystytȝeman	jystytȝeman	nystytȝeman	tystytȝemun	jystytȝemun
future	ėbe stytȝum	tėbe stytȝum	jėbe stytȝum	nėbe stytȝum	tėbu stytȝum	jėbu stytȝum
imperative	-	stytȝem!	-	-	stytȝemu!	-
active participle	møstytȝem			møstytȝemi
passive participle	møstytȝam			møstytȝami
w-form	wystytȝem
infinitive	stytȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm is used for loan verbs and some native-derived verbs.

• jy-[STEM] = active
• jyþy-[STEM] = reflexive/reciprocal
• my- = active participle
• -t = infinitive

Loan verb conjugation: jymaksimez 'he maximized'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ymaksimezi	tymaksimezi	jymaksimezi	nymaksimezi	tymaksimezu	jymaksimezu
past progressive; past subjunctive	hwiti wymaksimezi	hwit wymaksimezi	hwė wymaksimezi	hwinė wymaksimezi	hwitøm wymaksimezi	hwu wymaksimezi
present	ymaksimezė	tymaksimezė	jymaksimezė	nymaksimezė	tymaksimezėju	jymaksimezėju
present progressive	yše wymaksimezi	tyše wymaksimezi	jyše wymaksimezi	nyše wymaksimezi	tyšu wymaksimezi	jyšu wymaksimezi
present subjunctive	ymaksimezan	tymaksimezan	jymaksimezan	nymaksimezan	tymaksimezun	jymaksimezun
future	ėbe maksimezt	tėbe maksimezt	jėbe maksimezt	nėbe maksimezt	tėbu maksimezt	jėbu maksimezt
imperative	-	maksimezi!	-	-	maksimezu!	-
active participle	mømaksimezė			mømaksimezėji
passive participle	mømaksimeza			mømaksimezaji
w-form	wymaksimez
infinitive	maksimezt

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

• the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
• the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
• the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Modal verbs

juxėl = past, jėxėl = present, wyxėl = infinitive (to be able to)

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

• ly 'to'
• by 'in'
• šydo 'outside'
• me 'from'
• ȝem 'with'
• ȝal 'on'
• lid' 'of (possessive)'

Numerals

1: yhad 2: šnain / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrim 30: šlėšim 40: yrbȝim 50: hymsim 60: setsim 70: sybȝim 80: šmėnim 90: þesȝim 10: me'yþ

Syntax

Existentials

The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.

• Iš mykėm ėn... = There is a place where...
• A iš lex zman? = Do you have time?

The particle iš uses the accusative marker iþ when the "object" is animate.

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

• myCCaC = place
• myCCeC = instrument
• þyCCuC = verbal noun
• þyCCiC = verbal noun
• þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
• CyCiC = -able
• CyCuC = color

Affixes

• -an = forms adjectives
• -uþ = (borrowed from Hebrew) abstract noun
• -i = forms adjectives
• i- = non-, un-

Lexicon

ʔ

• √ʔ-(w)-r
  • aur 'light'
  • awer 'to illuminate'
• √ʔ-d-m
  • ydum 'red'
• √ʔ-ž-n
  • øžny 'ear'
• √ʔ-y-s
  • is 'equal'
  • ajes 'to equate'
    • ajus 'metaphor; simile'
• √ʔ-x-l
  • yxal 'to eat'
  • exly 'food'
  • þaxil 'comsumption'
    • þaxili 'to consume'
• √ʔ-m-n
  • amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
  • hy'ymen 'to trust, to believe'
• √ʔ-m-r
  • ymar 'to say'
  • emry 'remark'
  • amer 'to assert, to affirm'
• √ʔ-r-þ
  • arþy 'earth'
• √ʔ-þ-j
  • yþė 'to come'

B

• bajþ 'house'
• √b-r-ʔ
  • bra 'to create'
  • bri 'healthy'

G

• √g-d-l
  • gdėl = big
  • nitgydal = to grow

D

• √d-r-x
  • darxy = road
  • drax = to go, to walk
  • hydrex = to lead
• √d-r-s
  • dras = to study, to learn
  • dares = to demand
  • þydares = to teach
  • mydras = school
    • jymydrasi = he schooled

H

• √h-d-š
  • hydiš 'new'
• √h-t-ʔ
  • heta 'sin'
  • hatė 'to sin'
• √h-m-d
• √h-m-l
  • hymal 'to suffer'
  • hymil 'patient'
• √h-m-m
  • hymum 'warm'
• √h-r-c
  • hyruc 'yellow'

W

• √w-l-d
  • waldy 'child'
  • molad 'birth'
  • wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
  • holėd 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
• √w-r-š
  • waršy 'inheritance'
  • wrėš 'to inherit'
  • wriš 'heritable'
  • wrišt 'gene'
  • morašt 'heritage'
  • twarešt 'tradition'

Z

• √z-h-r (?)
  • hazhėr 'to warn'
• √z-m-r
  • myzmer 'kantele'
• √z-r-ȝ
  • zarȝe 'seed'
  • zraȝ 'to sow'

Ž

• √ž-b-h
  • tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
  • žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
• žbi 'antelope'
• √ž-h-b
  • žahab 'gold'
  • žaheb 'to gild'
• √ž-h-r
  • žohri 'noon'
• √ž-m-r
  • žemyrt 'might'
• √žxr
  • žyxar 'to remember'
  • žaxer 'to record; to memorize'
  • hažxer 'to remind'
  • haždaxar 'to come to mind'
  • styžxer 'to make note of'
• √ž-r-ȝ
  • žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'

T

• √t-ȝ-m
  • tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
  • taȝem 'to elect'
    • taȝum 'election'
  • þytaȝem '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
  • stytȝem 'to try out'

J

• jad 'hand'
• √j-b-s
  • jabas 'dry'

X

• √x-s-f
  • xasfy 'silver, money'
  • myxsaf 'bank'

L

• lė = not; no
• ly = to, for
• √l-b-s
• √l-m-d
  • lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
  • lamed 'to show, to point out'
  • halθamad 'to find one's way around'
• lysėn 'tongue; language'

M

• √m-l-x
  • malxy 'king'
• √m-n-w
  • myno 'to count'

N

• √n-b-ʔ
  • nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
  • nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
  • nitnyba 'to hector'
• √n-ś-ʔ
  • nyša 'to carry'
• √n-þ-n
  • nyþan 'to give'

Ȝ

• √ȝ-n-y
  • ȝnė 'to answer'
  • þyȝanė 'to satisfy'
• √ȝ-š-j
  • ȝyšė 'to do, to make'
  • maȝše 'act'

F

• √f-l-ʔ
  • føla 'miracle'
  • hafle 'to amaze'
  • miføla 'wonderful'

P

• √p-rk-s
  • parkes 'to act'
• √p-s-f
  • psif 'vote'
  • psifin 'voting'
  • psaf 'to vote'

C

• √c-b-ȝ
• √c-d-k
  • hycdek = to justify
  • þycadek = to make right, to set right

K

• √k-d-s
  • kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
  • hykdes 'to sanctify'
• √k-m
  • kam 'he stood up; he rose'
  • mykėm 'place'
  • jymykėmi 'to locate'
• √k-r-ʔ
  • kra 'to read, to call'
  • mekra 'scripture'
  • tykru 'invocation, prayer'
• √k-s-m
  • hyksem 'to curse'

R

• √r-ʔ-j
  • ry'ė 'to see'

S

• √s-x-n
  • sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
  • mesxan 'apartment'
  • saxen 'to inhabit'
• √s-l-m
  • slėm 'peace; hello!'
• √s-m-ȝ
  • smaȝ 'to hear'

Š

• šmėl 'north'
• √š-l-g
  • šalgy 'snow'
• šol 'fox'

Þ

• √þ-g-m
  • hyþgem 'explain'
• √þ-l-l
  • tlul 'steep; difficult'

Sample texts

Lysėn þėgamiþ, lysėn þlul

• Yhad texni, rab texnes; yhad þėgami, rab þėgames = one skill, many skills; one Togarmite, many Togarmites (the correct plural of þėgami is þėgamije)

UDHR

Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w isi b aksjoprepjan wyb žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki w synidisi w høbu ly parkus l odšni by ruh lid ahwuþ.

all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood

/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi baksjo'prepjan vəb ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəhø'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni bə ruh lid 'ahvuθ/