Judeo-Gaelic

Judeo-Gaelic/Wordlist

In the Lõis timeline, Ăn Yidiș or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אַן ייִדיש ăn Yidiș /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ă Gholj-Yidăch /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in Lõisian English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (năh Yidi Galțăchă) in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite, Persian, Brythonic and Galatian.

Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian."

Names

Surnames

Patronymics:

• Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim
  • Oh (m) and Ni (f) are found in an older stratum of names; typically inherited Gaelic names
• Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
• Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
• Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod

Famous people

• סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Scot mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist

Todo

• Interrogatives: Cad ă to o zean aget? 'What are you doing?'
• Cleft construction: Iș zean leșóunes ă tom ă zean anéș = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
• tș for /tʃ/?

Phonology

• Consonants: b c ch ч d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s ș t th ț v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
  • Final h is silent unless before a vowel. th is pronounced even when final.
  • /z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
• ț z ч j l arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
• Lenitions: Note that s is NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
  • b /b/ > bh /v/
  • d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
  • f /f/ > fh /0/
  • g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
  • c /k/ > ch /χ/
  • ч /tʃ/ > чh /ʃ/
  • m /m/ > mh /v/
  • p /p/ > ph /f/
  • t /t/ > th /h/
  • ț /ts/ > țh /h/
  • j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
• Vowels: a e i o u ai ei oi ea oa ie ua ă î /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.
• Stress is transcribed if not initial
• OIr oí > oi
• short i > î (some other sources pls)
• short o > ă

Orthography

An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.

Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:

א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț ч c r s ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.

Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh чh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/

/j/ between two vowels is written יי.

Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):

אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e eə i o oə u ai oi/

יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.

Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.

The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע mo-mhadră 'my dog'.

Grammar

Verbs

Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:

טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.

Tom a łasăgh nearăs hanucă.

/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/

be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah

I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)

נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!

Noh scrivu do oas ar zi șabăs!

PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat

Don't write two letters on Shabbat!

Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.

Tenses

The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.

• to șe ag îth = he eats; he is eating
  • vîl șe... = does he...?
  • chal șe... = he does not...
  • nachîl șe... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
  • gu vîl șe... = COMP he...
  • ă to șe... = REL he...
• to șe nei îth = he ate/has eaten
• bei șe ag îth = he will eat
  • bei șe... = will he...?
  • cha bhea șe... = he will not...
  • nach bhea șe... = won't he...?
  • ă vi șe... = REL he will...
• vă șe ag îth = he was eating/he would eat
  • roa șe... = was he...?/would he?
  • cha roa șe... = he was not.../he would not...
  • nach roa șe... = was he not...?/would he not...?
• îth! = Eat! (2sg)
• îthu! = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
• noh îth(u)! = Don't eat!

For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, i mo-, i do-, ină-, etc. + VN is used:

• tom î mă-chadăl = I sleep
• tom î mă-thi = I sit
• tom î mă-șesăv = I stand
• tom î mă-li = I lie (somewhere)
• tom î mă-fhirăch = I live (I dwell)

Conjugation

• to, vil, chal, and nachil are conjugated as follows:
  • tom, tor, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șid
  • vilim, vilir, vil șe/și, vilij, vilhi, vil șid
  • chalim, chalir...
  • nachilim, nachilir...
• va, roa:
  • vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șid
  • rous, rouș, rou șe/și, roumăr, rovyur, rou șid
• bea: beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șid

Nouns

Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.

Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -n/-en, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.

Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed -im /im/ or -es /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.

Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ant-, before a labial am-, otherwise an

• אַנט אישצשע ănt ișчe = the water
• אַם בּיאַ ăm bia = the food
• אַן ל'אַהּ ăn łath = the day
• אַן צעך ăn țech = the house
• אַן נס ăn nes = the miracle

Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and ț) lenite and take a-;

• אַ גּֿעלעך ă jhełăch = the moon
• אַ מֿען ă mhen = the woman/wife
• אַן אות ăn oas = the letter (character)
• אַנט סוכּה ănt shucă = the booth

Plural nouns: nah- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)

• נאַהּ־טיש năh tîș = the houses
• נאַהּ־ל'אַהן năh łathăn = the days
• נאַהּ־מנאָ năh mno = the women/wives
• נאַהּ אותיות năh oasyăs = the letters
• נאַהּ סוכּות năh sucăs = the booths
• נאַהּ ניסים năh nisim = the miracles

Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle a which lenites.

Adjectives

Adjectives always have -e in the plural, except that the plural of -ech is -i: the plural of ייִדעך Yidech 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי Yidi.

• pred: טאָם בּעגּ Tom beg. = I am short.
• m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ fer beg = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג am fer beg = the short man
• f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ fyur bheg = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ an fhyur bheg = the short sister
• pl.: ףערן אָרדע ferăn ordă = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע nah ferăn ordă = the tall men

Comparatives are formed by adding ניס nis 'more' and עס es 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:

מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ moar - nis moa - es moa = big - bigger - biggest

Pronouns

conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șîn șîv șîd

disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șîn șîv îd

emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișe, tuse, șeșn, șișe, șînye, șîvșe, șîțn

emphatic suffixes: -șe -se -șn -șe -ye -șe -sn

Possessive prefixes:

• מאָ־בּֿראָהער mă-bhrohăr /mə vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער m-ahăr /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
• דאָ־בּֿראָהער dă-bhrohăr /də vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער d-ahăr /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
• אַ־בּֿראָהער a-bhrohăr /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער a-ahăr /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
• אַהּ־בּראָהער ah-brohăr /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ah-ahăr /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
• אָר־בּראָהער or-brohăr /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער orn-ahăr /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
• באַר־בּראָהער văr-brohăr /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער varn-ahăr /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
• אַ־בּראָהער a-brohăr /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער an-ahăr /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'

m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fyur /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור m-fhyur /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.

A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער mă-mhohăr îs m-ahăr, not *mo-moher is aher.

Prepositions

• ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eчi, agen, agev, acu
• de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
• ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
• ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
• î(n) 'in': înom, înet, on, înți, înen, înev, întu [in is used before a vowel or proper names]
• ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
• as 'from': asom, aset, as, ași, asen, asev, asu
• ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
• ri 'with': ryom, ret, reș, rei, rin, riv, ryu
• um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
• fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu

Combinations

î + definite article is îns a(n/m) in the sg and îns nah in the plural:

• אינס אַן צעך îns ăn țech 'in the house'
• אינס אַן אָץ îns ăn oț 'in the place'
• אינס נאַה צירען îns năh țirăn 'in the countries'

î + possessive a(n)-: îna(n)-

î + possessive or-: înăr-

oh + an-/am-/a- : oan-/oam-/oan-

Syntax

Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער Tom nei fol năh fregărțăn oh mo-mhohăr îs oh mo-bhrohăr 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'

Numerals

Numerals are always followed by the singular form.

0 = אפס efăs, אַה אפס ah efăs (number zero)

counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah чehăr, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șecht, ah ăcht, ah noi, ah zeș

11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...

20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, trișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șechtăd, ăchtăd, noiăd

21, 22, ... = fișăd is oin, fișăd is du, ...

100, 200, ... = чead, du чhead, tri чhead, ...

1000 = milă

attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites

ordinals: tăsi, elă, triăv, чehrăv, cujăv,... or just ăh N

Syntax

An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.

Noun phrase

Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction an X ag Y (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק an cat ag mo-mhac = my son's cat.

Predicate nouns

• "PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע Îș men me = I'm a woman
• "X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה Îș men i Rivcă = Rivcă is a woman
• "1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה Îș mișă a mhen ag Moașă = I am Moașă's wife
• "3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי Și ă mhen ăg Moașă i = She is Moașă's wife
  • שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה Și ă mhen ăg Moașă i Rivcă (or și Rivcă i ă mhen ăg Moașă) = Rivcă is Moașă's wife
• For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אין רבקה Îș munțoris ă to în Rivcă 'Rivcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
• Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי bi:
  • טאָ רבקה אָרד To Rivcă ord 'Rivcă is tall'
  • טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל To Rivcă îns ăn chedăr cadăl 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'

Infinitive phrases

Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German zu-infinitives, and are also used with some modals. They're of the form a + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where de lenites the VN.

If there is a pronominal direct, a + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.

Examples:

• ă thavărț matonă (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (ein Geschenk zu geben)
• o-thavărț dom = to give it (masc.) to me
• o-tavărț dom = to give it (fem.)/them to me

Vocabulary

Derivation

• ־ית -is, pl. ־יות -iyăs or ־יתען -isăn 'feminine occupational suffix'

Phrasebook

• שלום Șolăm = Hello, goodbye
• שלום עליכם Șolăm aléachăm = Hello
• עליכם שלום Aléachăm șolăm = Hello (in response to șolăm aléachăm)
• סל'אָן Słon = (informal) Bye
• בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב Byonăcht agăt/agăv = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
• ףאָלצע רוט/רוב Folță rut/ruv = Welcome
• צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע Чead milă folță = A hundred thousand welcomes
• קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? Card e ănt enim ret? = What is your name?
• דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם Dovid șe ănt enim ryom = My name is David
• ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? Vil ăn Azăliș agăt/agăv? = Do you speak English?
• כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם Chal ăn Yidiș agom = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
• כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ Chalim ă ticșinț = I don't understand
• ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = Łavăr nis melă, rî do-thel = Please speak more slowly
  • ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל Łavru nis melă, rî văr-tel = above, 2pl
• טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. To ieri agom ă łavăr ăs Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom. = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
• בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע Blien mhath bhyoniță /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year

Dates and time

Days of the week

Note: in Judeo-Gaelic a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.

• Sunday: זי־סוֹל zi-soal
  • Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל mazin soal
  • Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל fescăr soal
  • Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן erev łuan (!)
  • Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן eașă łuan (!)
• Monday: זי־ל'ואַן zi-łuan
• Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ zi-morț
• Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין zi-чeadin
• Thursday: זי־זעארעדין zi-zearădin
• Friday: זי־הייַנע zi-haină
• Saturday: זי־שבּת zi-șabăs

Telling the time

• טאָ שי טרי שעה To și tri șo. = It's 3:00.
• טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ To și du șo yeag = It's 12:00.

Colors

• ףין fin = white
• דוב duv = black
• זערעגּ zerăg = red
• בּוייע buyă = yellow
• גּל'אַס głas = green
• גּאָרעם gărăm = blue
• בּאַנעש banăș = violet; purple
• דוֹן doan = brown

Sample texts

Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)

קאַרד אַ טאָ ניי אַהרעב אַר אַן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישן עלע?

Card a to nei ahrăv ar an eașă șo oh coch eașăn elă?

What has changed on this night from all other nights?

גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע נאַכיליג' אַ טום גּל'אַסרען אפילו אוין ל'ער, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' דו ל'ער.

Gur ar coch eașăn elă nachilij ă tum głasrăn afílu oin łer, ach îș anócht a toj du łer.

That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we do so twice.

גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איזיר חמץ איס מצה, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מצה.

Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag îth izir chomăț îs mață, ach îș anócht nachilij cim mață.

That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo; but tonight, only matzo.

גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ קאָך צ'ינעל' גּל'אַסרען, אך איש אַנאָכט נאַכיליג' כּי־אם מרור.

Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag îth coch чinăł głasren, ach îș anócht nachilij cim morăr.

That on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables; but tonight, only bitter herbs.

גּור אַר קאָך איישן עלע אַ טאָג' אַגּ איהּ איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-טי איס טאָג' קיז אינאָר-לי שיאַר, אך איש אַנאָכט אַ טאָג' קאָכנע אינאָר-לי שיאַר.

Gur ar coch eașăn elă a toj ag îth îs toj ciz înăr-ti îs toj ciz înăr-li șier, ach îș anócht a toj cochnă înăr-li șier.

That on all other nights we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.