Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list

No.	English	PS	Notes
1	I	*n-	Appears as *-an (1st person transitive subject), *-kan (1st person intransitive subject).
2	you (sg.)	*ki-	Appears as *-akʷ (1st person transitive subject), *-kəxʷ (1st person intransitive subject).
3	we	*mi-
4	this	*ɣi	Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established.
5	that	*ət	Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with *da as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener.
6	who	*kʷarsə	Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with *tʰam, used with nouns of a lower animacy.
7	what	*wat
8	not	*kää-	A prefix, used together with nominals.
9	all	*lčus, *nyumʼə
10	many	*səłku-(t/s)	The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final *-t, while other languages point towards *-s instead.
11	one	*njeem
12	two	*meeja
13	big	*ɣʷiin
14	long	*kił
15	small	*iłiiqʰi
16	woman	*eełəŋ(kʼə)	*kʼ only shows in the Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
17	man	*jootuqʼee	Problematic, as most languages have different words, like *(i)nees, or *ajtax (this word probably originally meant "husband").
18	person	*nipeekʰ	Derives from *ni- and *weekʰu "people".
19	fish	*čʰuu, *qəqoon	*qəqoon probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages.
20	bird	–	All branches show different words for "bird", such as *peeleeš, *lčaŋkłəs, or *cʼisqʷə.
21	horse	*ilaar	Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead.
22	louse	*θirxee
23	tree	*čʰikʷee
24	seed	*θalču(jŋə)	The Western languages point to *θalču, while the Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
25	leaf	*pəlaŋqʼa
26	root	*čʼəłəjip
27	bark (n.)	*xeerɣʷa
28	skin	*ʟuuqʼə, *θərə
29	meat	*dääw, *diɣʷ	Both *dääw and *diɣʷ gave words for "meat", but *dääw likely meant "cheek".
30	blood	–	Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: *arə, *ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.
31	bone	*łəqʷ, *xoockʼee
32	grease	*woolxə, *njooš	*nyooš likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
33	egg	*tqaalx	The root *nyujee, that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
34	horn	*wiiʟ
35	tail	*čʼaakʼee, *ncaak	The most common root that gave words for "tail" is *njaɣə (more precisely its doublet *ŋaɣə) "fish tail", while *čʼaakʼee "animal tail" is found only in the Southern branch. The root *ncaak probably meant "back".
36	feather	*miixee, *miiqʷee	The western languages point towards *miiqʷee, while the Southern show reflexes of *miixee. Various Eastern languages have reflexes of *iłoop-čə instead.
37	hair	*ʟʼeepe
38	head	*tʼuqʷ	Various languages derive their words for "head" from *qams "face", *oori "forward", *čiiŋqə "forehead".
39	ear	*ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x	The root *noo(t)xə can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as *noox, while for others - *notxə. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
40	eye	*qʰałee
41	nose	*łəqʼaw
42	mouth	*qʷeeθ, *ooł	The Far Eastern and the Southern langauges derive their word for "mouth" from *ʟʼeeqʷθə "throat".
43	tooth	–	Various languages show reflexes of different roots: *qiɣee, *xecas, *əlʼəwnux ("tip", "blade"). *xecas often has the meaning of "fangs", while *qiɣee gives words for "needle".
44	tongue	*qʰiił, *mqiił	The root *mqiił looks like an old derivation of *qʰiił and likely meant "chewing". The meaning of "speaking" probably appeared from the contamination of a similar root *mqal "language".
45	fingernail	–	Problematic, as various languages point to two roots *kʼwitʼə and *toonxə, both of which meant something related to animals, like"claws" or "scales".
46	foot	*θitʼeeł
47	knee	*pʼiqee, *aqeet	Both roots could have meant "knee", based on the data from modern descendants.
48	hand	*diim	Most languages derive their words for "hand" from *-nulkʼ- ("carrying in hands"), or *-iq ("by" or "with").
49	belly	*tʼaaka, *kʰis	The root *kʰis likely meant "body". The Western languages derive their words from *wulun "round" instead.
50	neck	*qʷaj	The Eastern languages point to *səkʷeen "the rotating one".
51	breast	*ipee
52	heart	*tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas	The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from *łəmcas, which meant "middle".
53	liver	*(r,ł)aaqʷa,	The Western languages show initial *r-, while the Eastern ones show *ł. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or *tʰištə "spleen".
54	drink	*mɣoor
55	eat	*qʼancə	The Plain Eastern languages have *miis or *moos instead, the exact vowel can not be determined because of the sound change *oo>*ii in those languages. likely a substrate word.
56	bite	*łəθkoo
57	see	*noonʼə, *njən	Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. Most languages derive their words from both roots.
58	hear	*meeʟʼ, *mi	Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
59	know	*qʰoom	The Western languages derive their words from *fis "understand" instead.
60	sleep	*kʼʷooł, *iłkʼʷə	The root *iłkʼʷə is likely a later derivation of *kʼʷooł, and meant "to dream".
61	die	*njapʰee, *likumʼə	The root *njapʰee probably meant "dying of unnatural causes", while *likumʼə was likely "dying of old age".
62	kill	*əłxəmʼa
63	swim	*moor, *ool
64	fly (v.)
65	go
66	come
67	lie
68	sit
69	stand
70	give
71
72
73	moon
74	star
75	water
76	rain
77	stone
78	sand
79	land
80	cloud
81	smoke
82	fire
83	ashes
84	burn
85	path
86	mountain
87	red
88	green
89	yellow
90	white
91	black
92	night
93	warm
94	cold
95	full
96	new
97	good
98	round
99	dry
100	name