Judeo-Gaelic: Difference between revisions
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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] | ||
In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline, '''Ăn | In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline, '''Ăn Jidisz''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אן ייִדיש ''ăn Jidisz'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or א גֿאָלג'־יידאך ''ă Gholgz-Jidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galți'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from Greek, Persian, Brythonic, and Galatian. | ||
Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and more Polish." | Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and more Polish." | ||
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==Names== | ==Names== | ||
===Given names (non-Hebrew)=== | ===Given names (non-Hebrew)=== | ||
Nicknames may be formed with the diminutive ''-in''. For example, '' | Nicknames may be formed with the diminutive ''-in''. For example, ''Jacăv'' 'Jacob' may become ''Jancin'', ''Jałcin'' or ''Jacin''. | ||
====Male==== | ====Male==== | ||
*Art, Artin 'bear' | *Art, Artin 'bear' | ||
*Mathin (Mahin) 'bear' | *Mathin (Mahin) 'bear' | ||
* | *Aszlin (Ashlin): 'vision, dream' | ||
====Female==== | ====Female==== | ||
*כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'? | *כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'? | ||
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*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi | ||
*Riphic: חיימסאָן Chaimson | *Riphic: חיימסאָן Chaimson | ||
*Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד | *Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimdzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminegzod | ||
===Famous people=== | ===Famous people=== | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*Interrogatives: ''Cad ă to o | *Interrogatives: ''Cad ă to o dzean agăt?'' 'What are you doing?' | ||
*Cleft construction: ''''' | *Cleft construction: '''''Ysz''' dzean leszắnăs '''ă''' tom ă zean anész'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
*Consonants: b c ch | *Consonants: b c ch cz d f g gh gz h l ł m n p r rz s sz t th tz w j z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/ | ||
**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final. | ||
*'' | *''tz dz cz gz l rz'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. | ||
*Lenitions: | *Lenitions: | ||
**b /b/ > bh /v/ | **b /b/ > bh /v/ | ||
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**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/ | **g /g/ > gh /ɣ/ | ||
**c /k/ > ch /χ/ | **c /k/ > ch /χ/ | ||
** | **cz /tʃ/ > czh /ʃ/ | ||
**m /m/ > mh /v/ | **m /m/ > mh /v/ | ||
**p /p/ > ph /f/ | **p /p/ > ph /f/ | ||
**s /s/ > sh /h/ | **s /s/ > sh /h/ | ||
**t /t/ > th /h/ | **t /t/ > th /h/ | ||
** | **tz /ts/ > tzh /h/ | ||
** | **gz /dʒ/ > gzh /j/ | ||
*Vowels: ''a e i o u | *Vowels: ''a e i o u aj ej oj ea oa ie ua ă y'' /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally. | ||
*Stress is transcribed if not initial | *Stress is transcribed if not initial | ||
*OIr oí > | *OIr oí > oj | ||
*short i > | *short i > y (some other sources pls) | ||
*short o > ă | *short o > ă | ||
===Allophonic vowel length=== | ===Allophonic vowel length=== | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Ăn Jidisz is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words: | Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words: | ||
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ר' ש = zero b v g gh d h th | א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ר' ש = zero b v g gh d h th dz t j l ł m n s p f tz cz c r rz sz /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h ʒ t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʒ ʃ/. | ||
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh | Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh dzh th ch mh sh ph fh tzh czh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/ | ||
/j/ between two vowels is written יי. | /j/ between two vowels is written יי. | ||
'' | ''rz'' is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and stops: e.g. ''scrziv'' /skʃiv/ 'write! (sg.)' | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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:{{heb|נאָהּ סקר'יבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | :{{heb|נאָהּ סקר'יבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}} | ||
:'''''Noh | :'''''Noh scrzivu do oas ăr zi szabăs!''''' | ||
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat | ||
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!'' | ||
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The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect. | ||
*''to | *''to sze ag yth'' = he eats; he is eating | ||
**'' | **''vyl sze...'' = does he...? | ||
**''chal | **''chal sze...'' = he does not... | ||
**'' | **''nachyl sze...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not | ||
**''gu | **''gu vyl sze...'' = COMP he... | ||
**''ă to | **''ă to sze...'' = REL he... | ||
*''to șe | *''to șe nej yth'' = he ate/has eaten | ||
*'' | *''bej sze ag yth'' = he will eat | ||
**'' | **''bej sze...'' = will he...? | ||
**''cha bhea | **''cha bhea sze...'' = he will not... | ||
**''nach bhea | **''nach bhea sze...'' = won't he...? | ||
**''ă vi | **''ă vi sze...'' = REL he will... | ||
*''vă | *''vă sze ag yth'' = he was eating/he would eat | ||
**''răv | **''răv sze...'' = was he...?/would he? | ||
**''cha răv | **''cha răv sze...'' = he was not.../he would not... | ||
**''nach răv | **''nach răv sze...'' = was he not...?/would he not...? | ||
*'' | *''yth!'' = Eat! (2sg) | ||
*'' | *''ythu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *ithebh) | ||
*''noh | *''noh yth(u)!'' = Don't eat! | ||
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, '' | For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''y mă-, y dă-, ynă-, etc.'' + VN is used: | ||
*''tom | *''tom y mă-chadăl'' = I sleep | ||
*''tom | *''tom y mă-thi'' = I sit | ||
*''tom | *''tom y mă-szesăv'' = I stand | ||
*''tom | *''tom y mă-li'' = I lie (somewhere) | ||
*''tom | *''tom y mă-fhirzăch'' = I live (I dwell) | ||
====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||
*''to'', '' | *''to'', ''vyl'', ''chal'', and ''nachyl'' are conjugated as follows: | ||
**''tom, | **''tom, torz, to sze/szi, togz, tohi, to szyd'' | ||
**'' | **''vylim, vylirz, vyl sze/szi, vyligz, vylhi, vyl szyd'' | ||
**''chalim, | **''chalim, chalirz...'' | ||
**'' | **''nachylim, nachylirz...'' | ||
*''va, rov'': | *''va, rov'': | ||
**''vas, | **''vas, vasz, va sze/szi, vimăr, vyur, va szyd'' | ||
**''rovăs, | **''rovăs, rovăsz, rov sze/szi, roamăr, rovjur, rov szyd'' | ||
*''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea | *''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea sze/szi, beagz, beahi, bea szyd'' | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
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Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ănt'', before a labial ''ăm'', otherwise ''ăn'' | Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ănt'', before a labial ''ăm'', otherwise ''ăn'' | ||
*אנט אישצשע ''ănt | *אנט אישצשע ''ănt yszcză'' = the water | ||
*אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | *אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food | ||
*אן ל'אַהּ ''ăn łath'' = the day | *אן ל'אַהּ ''ăn łath'' = the day | ||
*אן צעך ''ăn | *אן צעך ''ăn tzech'' = the house | ||
*אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle | *אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle | ||
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''ă''; | Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''ă''; | ||
*א גּֿעלעך ''ă | *א גּֿעלעך ''ă gzhełăch'' = the moon | ||
*א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife | *א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife | ||
*אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character) | *אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character) | ||
*אנט סֿוכּה ''ănt | *אנט סֿוכּה ''ănt sycă'' = the booth | ||
Plural nouns take ''năh-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | Plural nouns take ''năh-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel) | ||
*נאה טיש ''năh | *נאה טיש ''năh tysz'' = the houses | ||
*נאה ל'אַהן ''năh łathăn'' = the days | *נאה ל'אַהן ''năh łathăn'' = the days | ||
*נאה מנאָ ''năh mno'' = the women/wives | *נאה מנאָ ''năh mno'' = the women/wives | ||
*נאה אותיות ''năh | *נאה אותיות ''năh usjăs'' = the letters | ||
*נאה סוכּות ''năh | *נאה סוכּות ''năh sycăs'' = the booths | ||
*נאה ניסים ''năh nisim'' = the miracles | *נאה ניסים ''năh nisim'' = the miracles | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך '' | Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Jidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Jidi''. | ||
*pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short. | *pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short. | ||
*m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אם ףער בּעג ''ǎm fer beg'' = the short man | *m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אם ףער בּעג ''ǎm fer beg'' = the short man | ||
*f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ '' | *f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fjurz bheg'' = a short sister; אן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''ǎn fhjurz bheg'' = the short sister | ||
*pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''ferăn ordă'' = tall men; נאה ףערן אָרדע ''nǎh ferăn ordă'' = the tall men | *pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''ferăn ordă'' = tall men; נאה ףערן אָרדע ''nǎh ferăn ordă'' = the tall men | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu | conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu sze szi szyn szyv szyd | ||
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i | disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i szyn szyv yd | ||
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן | emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן misză, tusă, szeszăn, szisză, szynjă, szyvsză, szytzăn | ||
emphatic suffixes: - | emphatic suffixes: -sză -să -szăn -sză -yă -sză -săn | ||
Possessive prefixes: | Possessive prefixes: | ||
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mă- | *מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mă-bhrohărz'' /mə vrohəʒ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-ahărz'' /mahəʒ/ 'my father' | ||
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''dă- | *דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''dă-bhrohărz'' /də vrohəʒ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-ahărz'' /dahəʒ/ 'thy father' | ||
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a- | *אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhrohărz'' /ə vrohəʒ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-ahărz'' /a ahəʒ/ 'his father' | ||
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah- | *אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-brohărz'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-ahărz'' /əh ahəʒ/ 'her father' | ||
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or- | *אָר־בּראָהער ''or-brohărz'' /oɾ brohəʒ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-ahărz'' /oɾn ahəʒ/ 'our father' | ||
*באַר־בּראָהער ''văr- | *באַר־בּראָהער ''văr-brohărz'' /vəɾ brohəʒ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-ahărz'' /vəɾn aheʒ/ 'your father' | ||
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a- | *אַ־בּראָהער ''a-brohărz'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-ahărz'' /ən ahəʒ/ 'their father' | ||
''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור '' | ''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fjurz'' /fjuʒ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhjurz'' /mjuʒ/ 'my sister'. | ||
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mă-mhohăr | A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mă-mhohăr ys m-ahăr'', not ''*mo-mohăr ys ahăr''. | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
*ag 'at': agom, agăt, | *ag 'at': agom, agăt, egză, eczi, agăn, agăv, acu | ||
*de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du | *de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du | ||
* | *dze 'off, away from': dzom, dzit, dze, dzi, dzin, dziv, dzu | ||
*ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu | *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu | ||
* | *y(n) 'in': ynom, ynăt, on, yntzi, ynăn, ynăv, yntu [''yn'' is used before a vowel] | ||
*ăr 'on': orom, orăt, eŗ, | *ăr 'on': orom, orăt, eŗ, erzi, orăn, orăv, oru | ||
*ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, | *ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, aszi, asăn, asăv, asu | ||
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu | ||
* | *rzy 'with': rzum, rzet, rzeș, rzei, rzin, rziv, rzu | ||
*um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu | *um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu | ||
*fi 'under': fum, fut, fi, fithi, fun, fuv, fithu | *fi 'under': fum, fut, fi, fithi, fun, fuv, fithu | ||
====Combinations==== | ====Combinations==== | ||
'' | ''y(n), rzy'' before a definite article becomes ''yns, rzyns'': | ||
*אינס אן צעך '' | *אינס אן צעך ''yns ăn tzech'' 'in the house' | ||
*''To | *''To szyd ynă-firzăch yns ă bhelă szo'' 'They live in this town' | ||
* | *ר'ינס נאה ציראן ''rzyns năh țiŗăn'' 'with the countries' | ||
'' | ''y'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''yna(n)-'' | ||
'' | ''y'' + possessive ''or-'': ''ynăr-'' | ||
''oh'' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-'' | ''oh'' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-'' | ||
====Syntax==== | ====Syntax==== | ||
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom | Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nej fol năh frzegărtzăn oh mă-mhohărz ys oh mă-bhrohărz'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother' | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero) | 0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero) | ||
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah | counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah trzi, ah czehăr, ah cugz, ah szea, ah szeft, ah ăft, ah noj, ah dzesz | ||
11, 12, ... = | 11, 12, ... = ojn jeg, du jeg, trzi jeg... | ||
20, 30, 40, ... = | 20, 30, 40, ... = fiszăd, trziszăd, dojszăd, cujăd, szescăd, szeftăd, ăftăd, noiăd | ||
21, 22, ... = | 21, 22, ... = fiszăd ys oin, fiszăd ys du, ... | ||
100, 200, ... = | 100, 200, ... = czead, du czhead, trzi czhead, ... | ||
1000 = milă | 1000 = milă | ||
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attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites | ||
Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, | Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, trzur, czehrăr, cugzăr, szeszăr, szeftăr, ăftăr, nojnăr, dzeszăr | ||
ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, | ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, trziăv, czehrăv, cugzăv,...'' or just ''ăh N'' | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified: | An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified: | ||
:'''''To Yidi | :'''''To Yidi ynă-firăch y sach tzirăn.''''' | ||
:''Jews live in many countries.'' | :''Jews live in many countries.'' | ||
In transitive sentences, the direct object immediately follows the verbal noun: | In transitive sentences, the direct object immediately follows the verbal noun: | ||
:'''''To năh Yidi ag | :'''''To năh Yidi ag fołym ăn Tură coch łath.''''' | ||
:''Jews study the Torah every day.'' | :''Jews study the Torah every day.'' | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
| Line 280: | Line 280: | ||
===Predicate nouns=== | ===Predicate nouns=== | ||
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע '' | *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Ysz men me'' = I'm a woman | ||
*"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה '' | *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Ysz men i Ryvcă'' = Ryvcă (Rebekah) is a woman | ||
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה '' | *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Ysz misză ă mhen ag Musză'' = I am Musză's (Moses') wife | ||
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי '' | *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Sz i ă mhen ag Musză i'' = She is Musză's wife | ||
**שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și ă mhen ag | **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și ă mhen ag Musză i Ryvcă'' (or ''szi Ryvcă i ă mhen ag Musză'') = Ryvcă is Musză's wife | ||
*For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה '' | *For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה ''Ysz muntzărzis ă to i Ryvcă'' 'Ryvcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)' | ||
*Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'': | ||
**טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To | **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Ryvcă ord'' 'Ryvcă is tall' | ||
**טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To | **טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Ryvcă yns ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom' | ||
===Infinitive phrases=== | ===Infinitive phrases=== | ||
| Line 297: | Line 297: | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''ă | *''ă thavărtz matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'') | ||
*''o- | *''o-thavărtz dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me | ||
*''o- | *''o-tavărtz dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
*When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect) | *When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect) | ||
| Line 306: | Line 306: | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''- | *־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-ijăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix' | ||
*''-in'': diminutive | *''-in'': diminutive | ||
*''-ăg'': augmentative | *''-ăg'': augmentative | ||
| Line 315: | Line 315: | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*שלום '' | *שלום ''Szolăm'' = Hello, goodbye | ||
*שלום עליכם '' | *שלום עליכם ''Szolăm aléachăm'' = Hello | ||
*עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm | *עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm szolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléachăm'') | ||
*סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye | ||
*בּיאָנאפֿט אַגּעט/אַגּעב '' | *בּיאָנאפֿט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Bjonăft agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing) | ||
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב '' | *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Foltză rut/ruv'' = Welcome | ||
*צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע '' | *צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע ''czead milă foltză'' = A hundred thousand welcomes | ||
*קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim | *קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim rzet?'' = What is your name? | ||
*דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid | *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid sze ănt enim rzum'' = My name is David | ||
*ביל אַן ענגּליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? '' | *ביל אַן ענגּליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vyl ăn Englisz agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English? | ||
*כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn | *כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn Jidisz agom'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș | ||
*כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă | *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă ticszintz'' = I don't understand | ||
*ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, | *ל'אַבער' ניס מעלע, ר'י דא־טֿעל = ''Łavărz nis melă, rzy dă-thel'' = Please speak more slowly | ||
**ל' | **ל'אַבר'ו ניס מעלע, ר'י באר־טעל ''Łavrzu nis melă, rzy văr-tel'' = above, 2pl | ||
*טאָ | *טאָ איאַר'י אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To ierzi agom ă łavărz ăs Yidisz, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot. | ||
*בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath | *בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhjonitză'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year | ||
===Dates and time=== | ===Dates and time=== | ||
====Civil months==== | ====Civil months==== | ||
| Line 336: | Line 336: | ||
====Days of the week==== | ====Days of the week==== | ||
Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law. | Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law. | ||
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל '' | *Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''dzi-soal'' | ||
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל '' | **Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''madzin soal'' | ||
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal'' | **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal'' | ||
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!) | ||
**Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן '' | **Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן ''easză łuan'' (!) | ||
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן '' | *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''dzi-łuan'' | ||
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ '' | *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''dzi-mortz'' | ||
*Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין '' | *Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''dzi-czeadin'' | ||
*Thursday: זי־זעארעדין '' | *Thursday: זי־זעארעדין ''dzi-dzearădin'' | ||
*Friday: | *Friday: זי־היינע ''zi-hejnă'' | ||
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi- | *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-szabăs'' | ||
====Telling the time==== | ====Telling the time==== | ||
*טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To | *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To szi trzi szo.'' = It's 3:00. | ||
*טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To | *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To szi du szo jeag'' = It's 12:00. | ||
===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
*ףין ''fin'' = white | *ףין ''fin'' = white | ||
*דוב ''duv'' = black | *דוב ''duv'' = black | ||
*זערעגּ '' | *זערעגּ ''dzerăg'' = red | ||
*בּוייע '' | *בּוייע ''bujă'' = yellow | ||
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green | ||
*גּאָרעם ''gărăm'' = blue | *גּאָרעם ''gărăm'' = blue | ||
*בּאַנעש '' | *בּאַנעש ''banăsz'' = violet; purple | ||
*דוֹן ''doan'' = brown | *דוֹן ''doan'' = brown | ||
| Line 366: | Line 366: | ||
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)=== | ||
:קאַרד א טאָ ניי אַהראב אר אן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישאן עלא? | :קאַרד א טאָ ניי אַהראב אר אן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישאן עלא? | ||
:'''''Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn | :'''''Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn easză szo oh coch easzăn elă?''''' | ||
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?'' | ||
:'''''Gur nach ag tum głasrăn afílu oin łer ă | :'''''Gur nach ag tum głasrăn afílu oin łer ă togz ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz du łer ă togz ănắft.''''' | ||
:''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.'' | :''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.'' | ||
:'''''Gur | :'''''Gur ysz idzir chomătz ys matză ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach chalij ach matză ănắft.''''' | ||
:''That we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo on all other nights; but we eat only matzo tonight.'' | :''That we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo on all other nights; but we eat only matzo tonight.'' | ||
:'''''Gur | :'''''Gur ysz coch czinăł głasrăn ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz morăr ă togz ag yth ănắft.''''' | ||
:''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.'' | :''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.'' | ||
:'''''Gur toj ag | :'''''Gur toj ag yth ys toj cidz ynăr-ti ys toj cidz ynăr-li szier ăr coch easzăn elă, ach togz cochnă ynăr-li szier ănắft.''''' | ||
:''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.'' | :''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.'' | ||
===Warming Up to You=== | ===Warming Up to You=== | ||
''''' | '''''Tzeav dyt''''' | ||
===From "Dirge Without Music"=== | ===From "Dirge Without Music"=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
'''{{rtl|קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'}}''' | '''{{rtl|קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'}}''' | ||
'''''Cină | '''''Cină gzăn czhoł''''' | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
Revision as of 04:21, 17 August 2020
In the Unbegotten timeline, Ăn Jidisz or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אן ייִדיש ăn Jidisz /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or א גֿאָלג'־יידאך ă Gholgz-Jidăch /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (năh Yidi Galți) in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from Greek, Persian, Brythonic, and Galatian.
Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and more Polish."
Todo
Fix (later) Hebrew loans
Names
Given names (non-Hebrew)
Nicknames may be formed with the diminutive -in. For example, Jacăv 'Jacob' may become Jancin, Jałcin or Jacin.
Male
- Art, Artin 'bear'
- Mathin (Mahin) 'bear'
- Aszlin (Ashlin): 'vision, dream'
Female
- כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'?
Unisex
Surnames
Patronymics:
- Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim; a wife of a mac Chaim takes the surname מען מאַק חיים men mac Chaim.
- Oh (m) and Ni +lenition (f) are not productive; typically names of Gaelic clans such as Oh Coiv (~ Ó Caoimh)
- Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
- Riphic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
- Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimdzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminegzod
Famous people
- סקאָט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (Scot mac Ahárăn) - quantum physicist and computer scientist
Todo
- Interrogatives: Cad ă to o dzean agăt? 'What are you doing?'
- Cleft construction: Ysz dzean leszắnăs ă tom ă zean anész = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
Phonology
- Consonants: b c ch cz d f g gh gz h l ł m n p r rz s sz t th tz w j z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
- Final h is silent unless before a vowel. th is pronounced even when final.
- tz dz cz gz l rz arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ł arises from Old Irish non-slender l.
- Lenitions:
- b /b/ > bh /v/
- d /d/ > dh /ɣ/
- f /f/ > fh /0/
- g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
- c /k/ > ch /χ/
- cz /tʃ/ > czh /ʃ/
- m /m/ > mh /v/
- p /p/ > ph /f/
- s /s/ > sh /h/
- t /t/ > th /h/
- tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
- gz /dʒ/ > gzh /j/
- Vowels: a e i o u aj ej oj ea oa ie ua ă y /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.
- Stress is transcribed if not initial
- OIr oí > oj
- short i > y (some other sources pls)
- short o > ă
Allophonic vowel length
A form of the Scottish vowel length rule?
Orthography
Ăn Jidisz is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
Consonants
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ר' ש = zero b v g gh d h th dz t j l ł m n s p f tz cz c r rz sz /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h ʒ t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʒ ʃ/.
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh dzh th ch mh sh ph fh tzh czh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
rz is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and stops: e.g. scrziv /skʃiv/ 'write! (sg.)'
Vowels
Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words):
אַ א ע עא יי י י יא אָ אָע או אוא יַי יָי = /a ə e eə ei i ɨ iə ɔ oə u uə ai oi/
יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
Hebrew words are spelled similarly to (Modern) Hebrew, with the following rules:
- "Qamatz qatan" /o/ does not use vav as a mater lectionis.
- A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
The hyphen used looks like this: מא־מֿאַדרא mă-mhadră 'my dog'.
Other notes
By folk etymology, many native words which are coincidentally similar to Hebrew words are spelled as if they were derived from Hebrew:
- כּלאגּ calăg (f) 'girl' "←" כּלה cală (f) 'bride' + -ăg diminutive suffix
- אףאך afach 'however' "←" אף af 'even' + אך ach 'but'
Grammar
Verbs
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
- טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.
- Tom ă łasăgh nearăs hanucă.
- /tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
- be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
- I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)
- נאָהּ סקר'יבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!
- Noh scrzivu do oas ăr zi szabăs!
- PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
- Don't write two letters on Shabbat!
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
Tenses
The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
- to sze ag yth = he eats; he is eating
- vyl sze... = does he...?
- chal sze... = he does not...
- nachyl sze... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
- gu vyl sze... = COMP he...
- ă to sze... = REL he...
- to șe nej yth = he ate/has eaten
- bej sze ag yth = he will eat
- bej sze... = will he...?
- cha bhea sze... = he will not...
- nach bhea sze... = won't he...?
- ă vi sze... = REL he will...
- vă sze ag yth = he was eating/he would eat
- răv sze... = was he...?/would he?
- cha răv sze... = he was not.../he would not...
- nach răv sze... = was he not...?/would he not...?
- yth! = Eat! (2sg)
- ythu! = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *ithebh)
- noh yth(u)! = Don't eat!
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, y mă-, y dă-, ynă-, etc. + VN is used:
- tom y mă-chadăl = I sleep
- tom y mă-thi = I sit
- tom y mă-szesăv = I stand
- tom y mă-li = I lie (somewhere)
- tom y mă-fhirzăch = I live (I dwell)
Conjugation
- to, vyl, chal, and nachyl are conjugated as follows:
- tom, torz, to sze/szi, togz, tohi, to szyd
- vylim, vylirz, vyl sze/szi, vyligz, vylhi, vyl szyd
- chalim, chalirz...
- nachylim, nachylirz...
- va, rov:
- vas, vasz, va sze/szi, vimăr, vyur, va szyd
- rovăs, rovăsz, rov sze/szi, roamăr, rovjur, rov szyd
- bea: beam, bear, bea sze/szi, beagz, beahi, bea szyd
Copula
Nouns
Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiș has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -ăn, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed -im /im/ or -ăs /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ănt, before a labial ăm, otherwise ăn
- אנט אישצשע ănt yszcză = the water
- אם בּיא ăm bia = the food
- אן ל'אַהּ ăn łath = the day
- אן צעך ăn tzech = the house
- אן נס ăn nes = the miracle
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and ț) lenite and take ă;
- א גּֿעלעך ă gzhełăch = the moon
- א מֿען ă mhen = the woman/wife
- אן אות ăn oas = the letter (character)
- אנט סֿוכּה ănt sycă = the booth
Plural nouns take năh- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)
- נאה טיש năh tysz = the houses
- נאה ל'אַהן năh łathăn = the days
- נאה מנאָ năh mno = the women/wives
- נאה אותיות năh usjăs = the letters
- נאה סוכּות năh sycăs = the booths
- נאה ניסים năh nisim = the miracles
Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle ă which lenites.
Adjectives
Adjectives always have -e in the plural, except that the plural of -ăch is -i: the plural of ייִדעך Jidăch 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי Jidi.
- pred: טאָם בּעגּ Tom beg. = I am short.
- m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ fer beg = a short man; אם ףער בּעג ǎm fer beg = the short man
- f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ fjurz bheg = a short sister; אן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ǎn fhjurz bheg = the short sister
- pl.: ףערן אָרדע ferăn ordă = tall men; נאה ףערן אָרדע nǎh ferăn ordă = the tall men
Comparatives are formed by adding ניס nis 'more' and עס es 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
מאָאר - ניס מאָא - עס מאָא moar - nis moa - es moa = big - bigger - biggest
Pronouns
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu sze szi szyn szyv szyd
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i szyn szyv yd
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן misză, tusă, szeszăn, szisză, szynjă, szyvsză, szytzăn
emphatic suffixes: -sză -să -szăn -sză -yă -sză -săn
Possessive prefixes:
- מאָ־בּֿראָהער mă-bhrohărz /mə vrohəʒ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער m-ahărz /mahəʒ/ 'my father'
- דאָ־בּֿראָהער dă-bhrohărz /də vrohəʒ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער d-ahărz /dahəʒ/ 'thy father'
- אַ־בּֿראָהער a-bhrohărz /ə vrohəʒ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער a-ahărz /a ahəʒ/ 'his father'
- אַהּ־בּראָהער ah-brohărz /ə brohəʒ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ah-ahărz /əh ahəʒ/ 'her father'
- אָר־בּראָהער or-brohărz /oɾ brohəʒ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער orn-ahărz /oɾn ahəʒ/ 'our father'
- באַר־בּראָהער văr-brohărz /vəɾ brohəʒ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער varn-ahărz /vəɾn aheʒ/ 'your father'
- אַ־בּראָהער a-brohărz /ə brohəʒ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער an-ahărz /ən ahəʒ/ 'their father'
m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fjurz /fjuʒ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור m-fhjurz /mjuʒ/ 'my sister'.
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער mă-mhohăr ys m-ahăr, not *mo-mohăr ys ahăr.
Prepositions
- ag 'at': agom, agăt, egză, eczi, agăn, agăv, acu
- de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
- dze 'off, away from': dzom, dzit, dze, dzi, dzin, dziv, dzu
- ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu
- y(n) 'in': ynom, ynăt, on, yntzi, ynăn, ynăv, yntu [yn is used before a vowel]
- ăr 'on': orom, orăt, eŗ, erzi, orăn, orăv, oru
- ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, aszi, asăn, asăv, asu
- ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
- rzy 'with': rzum, rzet, rzeș, rzei, rzin, rziv, rzu
- um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu
- fi 'under': fum, fut, fi, fithi, fun, fuv, fithu
Combinations
y(n), rzy before a definite article becomes yns, rzyns:
- אינס אן צעך yns ăn tzech 'in the house'
- To szyd ynă-firzăch yns ă bhelă szo 'They live in this town'
- ר'ינס נאה ציראן rzyns năh țiŗăn 'with the countries'
y + possessive a(n)-: yna(n)-
y + possessive or-: ynăr-
oh + ăn-/ăm-/ă- : oan-/oam-/oan-
Syntax
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער Tom nej fol năh frzegărtzăn oh mă-mhohărz ys oh mă-bhrohărz 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
Adverbs
Directionals
Numerals
Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
0 = אפס efăs, אַה אפס ah efăs (number zero)
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah trzi, ah czehăr, ah cugz, ah szea, ah szeft, ah ăft, ah noj, ah dzesz
11, 12, ... = ojn jeg, du jeg, trzi jeg...
20, 30, 40, ... = fiszăd, trziszăd, dojszăd, cujăd, szescăd, szeftăd, ăftăd, noiăd
21, 22, ... = fiszăd ys oin, fiszăd ys du, ...
100, 200, ... = czead, du czhead, trzi czhead, ...
1000 = milă
attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, trzur, czehrăr, cugzăr, szeszăr, szeftăr, ăftăr, nojnăr, dzeszăr
ordinals: tăsi, elă, trziăv, czehrăv, cugzăv,... or just ăh N
Syntax
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified:
- To Yidi ynă-firăch y sach tzirăn.
- Jews live in many countries.
In transitive sentences, the direct object immediately follows the verbal noun:
- To năh Yidi ag fołym ăn Tură coch łath.
- Jews study the Torah every day.
Noun phrase
Since An Yidiș lost the genitive case except in fossilized expressions, most genitives use the construction ăn X ag Y (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ăn cat ag mă-mhac = my son's cat. Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English.
Predicate nouns
- "PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע Ysz men me = I'm a woman
- "X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה Ysz men i Ryvcă = Ryvcă (Rebekah) is a woman
- "1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה Ysz misză ă mhen ag Musză = I am Musză's (Moses') wife
- "3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי Sz i ă mhen ag Musză i = She is Musză's wife
- שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה Și ă mhen ag Musză i Ryvcă (or szi Ryvcă i ă mhen ag Musză) = Ryvcă is Musză's wife
- For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה Ysz muntzărzis ă to i Ryvcă 'Ryvcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
- Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי bi:
- טאָ רבקה אָרד To Ryvcă ord 'Ryvcă is tall'
- טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל To Ryvcă yns ăn chedăr cadăl 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
Infinitive phrases
Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German zu-infinitives, and are also used with some modals. They're of the form a + VN + direct object + oblique objects, where de lenites the VN.
If there is a pronominal direct, a + possessive pronoun (for the pronominal object) + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
Examples:
- ă thavărtz matonă (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (ein Geschenk zu geben)
- o-thavărtz dom = to give it (masc.) to me
- o-tavărtz dom = to give it (fem.)/them to me
Relative clauses
- When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect)
- When the head is NOT the subject: ă vil (present), ă răv (imperfect)
Vocabulary
Derivation
- ־ית -is, pl. ־יות -ijăs or ־יתאן -isăn 'feminine occupational suffix'
- -in: diminutive
- -ăg: augmentative
- -on: instrumental; agentive (Hebrew influence)
- -ol: verbal noun
- -ul: adjective
- -ăft: abstract noun
Phrasebook
- שלום Szolăm = Hello, goodbye
- שלום עליכם Szolăm aléachăm = Hello
- עליכם שלום Aléachăm szolăm = Hello (in response to șolăm aléachăm)
- סל'אָן Słon = (informal) Bye
- בּיאָנאפֿט אַגּעט/אַגּעב Bjonăft agăt/agăv = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
- ףאָלצע רוט/רוב Foltză rut/ruv = Welcome
- צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע czead milă foltză = A hundred thousand welcomes
- קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? Card e ănt enim rzet? = What is your name?
- דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם Dovid sze ănt enim rzum = My name is David
- ביל אַן ענגּליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? Vyl ăn Englisz agăt/agăv? = Do you speak English?
- כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם Chal ăn Jidisz agom = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
- כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ Chalim ă ticszintz = I don't understand
- ל'אַבער' ניס מעלע, ר'י דא־טֿעל = Łavărz nis melă, rzy dă-thel = Please speak more slowly
- ל'אַבר'ו ניס מעלע, ר'י באר־טעל Łavrzu nis melă, rzy văr-tel = above, 2pl
- טאָ איאַר'י אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. To ierzi agom ă łavărz ăs Yidisz, ach chal cumăs dom. = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
- בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע Blien mhath bhjonitză /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year
Dates and time
Civil months
Jewish months
Days of the week
Note: in Judeo-Gaelic a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
- Sunday: זי־סוֹל dzi-soal
- Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל madzin soal
- Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל fescăr soal
- Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן erev łuan (!)
- Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן easză łuan (!)
- Monday: זי־ל'ואַן dzi-łuan
- Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ dzi-mortz
- Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין dzi-czeadin
- Thursday: זי־זעארעדין dzi-dzearădin
- Friday: זי־היינע zi-hejnă
- Saturday: זי־שבּת zi-szabăs
Telling the time
- טאָ שי טרי שעה To szi trzi szo. = It's 3:00.
- טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ To szi du szo jeag = It's 12:00.
Colors
- ףין fin = white
- דוב duv = black
- זערעגּ dzerăg = red
- בּוייע bujă = yellow
- גּל'אַס głas = green
- גּאָרעם gărăm = blue
- בּאַנעש banăsz = violet; purple
- דוֹן doan = brown
Poetry
Sample texts
Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)
- קאַרד א טאָ ניי אַהראב אר אן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישאן עלא?
- Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn easză szo oh coch easzăn elă?
- What has changed on this night from all other nights?
- Gur nach ag tum głasrăn afílu oin łer ă togz ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz du łer ă togz ănắft.
- That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.
- Gur ysz idzir chomătz ys matză ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach chalij ach matză ănắft.
- That we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo on all other nights; but we eat only matzo tonight.
- Gur ysz coch czinăł głasrăn ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz morăr ă togz ag yth ănắft.
- That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.
- Gur toj ag yth ys toj cidz ynăr-ti ys toj cidz ynăr-li szier ăr coch easzăn elă, ach togz cochnă ynăr-li szier ănắft.
- That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.
Warming Up to You
Tzeav dyt
From "Dirge Without Music"
קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'
Cină gzăn czhoł
I am not resigned to the shutting away of loving hearts in the hard ground.
So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.