Verse:Irta/Music: Difference between revisions

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Witcanese is a [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]an language loosely inspired by Quechua.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
! style="width: 136px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| [ŋ]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style=""  |Plosive
! |<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' /pʰ/
| '''th''' /tʰ/
|
| '''kh''' /kʰ/
| '''qh''' /qʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''s''' /s/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! rowspan="3" style="" |Affricate
! |<small>tenuis</small>
|
| '''ts''' /ts/
| '''c''' /tʃ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| '''j''' /dʒ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
|
| '''tsh''' /tsʰ/
| '''ch''' /tʃʰ/
|
|
| 
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''y''' /j/
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
|}
Initial /l r/ are disallowed.


===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
!  style="width: 60px; "|
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
;Notes
*/e, o/ are mid [e̞, o̞].
*/a/ is central [ä].
===Phonation===
{{PAGENAME}} has 4 phonations:
*modal, transcribed '''a''',
*creaky or tense, transcribed '''á''',
*breathy, transcribed '''à''',
*nasal, transcribed '''ã'''.
==Grammar==
====Nouns====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
|-
!scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Absolutive
|colspan="2"|''-0''
|colspan="2"|''-e'', ''-u''
|-
!scope="row"|Ergative
|colspan="2"|''-ih''
|colspan="2"|''-yih''
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|colspan="2"|''-ap''
|colspan="2"|''-yap''
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|colspan="2"|''-hem''
|colspan="2"|''-ihem'', ''-yhem''
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
|colspan="2"|''-chay''
|colspan="2"|''-ichay'', ''-ychay''
|-
!scope="row"|Comitative
|colspan="2"|''-yã''
|colspan="2"|''-iyã'', ''-yã''
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|colspan="2"|''-run''
|colspan="2"|''-irun'', ''-yrun''
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''-hòg''
|colspan="2"|''-ihòg'', ''-yhòg''
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="4"|''-t-'' (with Suffixaufnahme)
|-
|}
====Verbs====
Verbs in Witcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses. The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of imperative, infinitive or future.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2"| '''Witcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
|-
! width="110px"|irrealis
| width="165px"|''-Ø''
|-
!|witness
|''-chè''
|-
!|emphatic
|''-kòd''
|-
!|quotative
|''-sha''
|-
!|mirative
|''-quh''
|-
!|hearsay
|''-ot''
|-
!|inferential
|''-eq''
|-
!|assumptive
|''-rwè''
|-
!|optative
|''-mes''
|-
!|cohortative
|''-wõ''
|-
!|potential
|''-hiw''
|-
!|desiderative
|''-pãs''
|-
!|admonitive
|''-ay''
|-
!|permissive
|''-hyè''
|}
:''Phátu noko'''chè'''...''
::''Where did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''
The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
:''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''
The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
:''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''
The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
:''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
::''Do not wander around''
:''ha ãpè mòsip'''ay'''''
::''lest this be forgotten''
Witcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew/[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]), in order to focus a constituent.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
|-
! width="110px"|absolutive
| width="165px"|''ne-''
|-
!|ergative
|''hin-''
|-
!|beneficiary
|''mac-''
|-
!|instrument
|''qo-''
|-
!|location
|''ya-''
|-
!|source
|''hòt-''
|-
!|goal
|''up-''
|-
!|time
|''al-''
|}
Verbs can also have a pluractional form (suffix ''-itcu''), which is mandatory with the antipassive voice.
[[Category:Tricin]]

Revision as of 20:33, 11 November 2021

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