Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew

The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Verse:Apple PIE is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, and the Talmud are identical to ours. However, most accents of Apple PIE Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.

There is also a large group of non-Rabbinic Jews (or maybe non-Pauline/non-Nicene Jewish Christians?) who live in India and preserve Palestinian-Hebrew like vowel points, but pronounced with aspirated stops for voiced fricatives.

Modern Hebrew

Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew

The standard variety today is Hivantish Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar:

• Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) v v ɣ ɣ t⁼ t⁼ h w ts⁼ χ t⁼ j kʰ χ l m n s ʁ pʰ f tsʰ k⁼ r~ɻ ʃ tʰ s]
• Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) e a a u o u Ø~ə ə ə ə]
• /r/ is alveolar and is often an approximant.
• Undageshed tav is [s] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.

It is SVO like our Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.

• much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... Lo ăni is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני eyn ăni in non 3rd person are solemn.
• לא אלא lo ela, לא כי-אם lo ki-im or colloquially לא אך lo akh (latter from native Gaelic ach) 'nothing but' used preferentially to רק rak 'only'
  • (colloquial) אני לא/איני אך מורה. 'I'm just a teacher'
  • (formal) איני אלא/כי אם מורה.
• in some expressions for feelings and modals.
  • רצון איתי racon iti 'I like' (tel lum), עדיף איתי ȝadif iti 'I prefer' (fyor lum), ăni xofec bă- 'I want'
    • More formally ăni roce bă- = 'I like, I am pleased with'
  • haya racon iti 'I'd like'
  • אפשר איתי efšar iti 'I can' (efșăr lum)
• Colloquially adjunct pronouns tend to be a bit further from their heads (separated by a direct object or the subject), e.g. יש חלום לי yeš xălom li 'I have a dream', הוא נתן חלום לי hu nasan xălom li 'he gave me a dream' rather than the more formal יש לי חלום yeš li xălom and הוא נתן לי חלום hu nasan li xălom. For less common verbs or predicates, this tendency is more pronounced even in formal speech.
• colloquial, often proscribed: šel (influenced by Ăn Yidiș ag) might replace l- in existential constructions: יש ספר שלי yeš sefer šeli (but *yeaș șeli seafer is never grammatical).
• 'I have the book' is יש לי הספר yeš li ha-sefer (colloq. yeš ha-sefer (še)li), NOT יש לי את הספר yeš li es ha-sefer as in our Modern Hebrew.
• Question particles (ha2im, ha- in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences; they both have falling intonation. Question marks are not usually used.
• It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ach 'but' and שָׂשׂ sas 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ach 'but' and sostă 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל aval and שָׂמֵחַ sameax. כה ko is as common as כל כך kul káx for 'so (ADJ)'.
• Tenses are modeled after Ăn Yidiș and Mishnaic Hebrew tenses. The participle is used for imperfective tenses, corresponding to the Ăn Yidiș construction ă(g) + verbnoun.
  • היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective (Vă ș'ăg îth)
  • הוא אוכל = Present (To ș'ăg îth)
  • הוא אכל = Past perfective (To/Vă șe ney îth)
  • יהיה הוא אוכל = Future imperfective (Bey ș'ăg îth)
  • הוא יאכל = Future perfective (Bey șe ney îth)
• "please" is עם רצונך im răconkha 'with your will', a calque of לא טא °תעל lă dă-thel.
• Loazit -cya '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin -tiō, via Tsarfati Hebrew -țyo
• Prepositions can be weird, esp 3al and 3im (mapped to Irish ar and le)

Todo

• random change 2inþat > 2iššå 'woman'

Comparison

Dror Yikra

Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.

Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.

[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."

(Dunash ben Labrat in this timeline was Corded Ware which merged þ and š)

Hebrew (Tiberian)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

Hyper-Tiberian

[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]

[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]

[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]

[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]

[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]

[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]

Tsarfati

[dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
[vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
[ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈ[h]ʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]

[dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]

[dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
[vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
[nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]

[ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
[vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]

[haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
[bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
[vənarˈhiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]

[dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
[vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
[nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
[ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]

English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)

[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.

[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.

Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.

O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.

Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
[lit. Melt their hearts] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.

Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.

Tsarfati Hebrew

Tsarfati Hebrew (i.u. עברית צרפתית ivrís țarfósis) has been influenced by Ăn Yidiș (Judeo-Gaelic). Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

• Hyper-Tiberian /e(:) ɔ ɔ: o(:) u(:) ü(:)/ are pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ey ă o oa u ü
  • A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל chul 'sand' (*Hāl; ~ Aramaic Hālā) and חוֹל choal '(something) secular' (*Hull; ~ חילל 'he desecrated')
• Shva na3 is ă /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped whenever possible in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
• undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic gh
• /r/ is an alveolar flap/trill or a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
• affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
• dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
• kuf and tet are unaspirated /k/ and /t/
• /p t k/ are aspirated
• Sibilants mergers are like in our TibH.
• Final /h/ (he mappiq) is pronounced, since An Yidish has final /h/. (חילל 'to desecrate' and הילל 'to praise' shouldn't be homophones)

Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew

Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the ancestor to Tsarfati Hebrew. This timeline's Yemenite Hebrew is very similar except with /o/ > /ø/.

Hyper-Tiberian has the following sound changes from PSem:

• emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
• ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
• z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
• ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
• Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as H and x.
• Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.

Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew also distinguishes

• cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = o /o/
• cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ů /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
• Proto-Semitic *ū = u /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)

Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as Ăn Yidiș Hebrew, keep all three distinct.

Hyper-Israeli

This reading tradition is used by the same sect of non-Rabbinic Jews as the Apple PIE Indian Jews who live in North Africa and the Holy Land in Apple PIE.

Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:

• Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH o (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ů as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH u as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean eo, o, and u respectively.)
• PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
• Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
• Proto-Semitic ð became ž, as in זימר žimer 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר zimer 'he sang'.

Hoddi Hebrew

Indian Ebionite/Karaite Hebrew

• /k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ] k kh g gh
• /ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ] č ǰh (*S/*Z *ð)
• /tś ź/ [ts dzʰ] c jh (*D *z)
• /t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n] t th d dh n
• /p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m] p ph b bh m
• /j r l w/ = [j r l w~v] y r l v
• /s *þ ś ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ s ʃ h qʰ ʔ q] s š s š h qh ' q

tet -> voiceless unaspirated, tav -> aspirated with no lenition, dalet series -> voiced, aspiration corresponds to lenition

Voiced plosives without dagesh are aspirated. Dagesh forte is always realized as gemination.

Roughly: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə/e o] i e a a ā o o u a a/e o

[bəreʃitʰ bara ʔelohim ʔətʰ həʃʃaməjim ʋəʔətʰ haʔarəts]

[ʋəhaʔarəts hajətʰa tʰohu ʋabʰohu ʋəqʰo(ʃ)ekʰ qəl pʰəne tʰəhom ʋəruqʰ ʔelohim mərəqʰəpʰətʰ qəl pʰəne həmmajim]

Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'loho/ 'God'.

ǰhimmer 'to overpower', jhimmer 'to play music'

Tibetan Hebrew

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]

/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]