Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon

Socovíc
socovíc/socovija lesán
Created by	IlL
Native speakers	393,000 (2013)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic North Semitic Socovíc

Background

Socovíc (Socovíc: socovíc /ˈsotsoviːts/ or socovija lesán /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called Sotsovian in English, is a Semitic language spoken in the Turkey and Bosphorus area. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, socovíc, seems to have originated from *√s-t-w, a root meaning 'north' in Socovíc (cf. Hebrew סְתָו săṯâw 'winter').

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/		t /t/			k /k/	q /q/
	voiced	b /b/		d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	þ /θ/	s /s/	š /ʂ/		ch /x/		h /h/
	voiced	v /v/		z /z/	ž /ʐ/
Affricate				c /ts/	č /ʈʂ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant				l /l/		j /j/

Vowels

Oral

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	í /iː/			u /u/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /e̞/	é /e̞ː/	y /ə/	ý /əː/	o /o̞/	ó /o̞ː/
Open	ě /æ/	ě /æː/	a /a/	á /aː/

Nasal

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close
Mid		ę /ɛ̃ː/				ǫ /ɔ̃ː/
Open

Stress

Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.

Diachronics

Vowels

Proto-North Semitic	Proto-Socovíc
i	ь
u	ъ
a	o
ī	i
ū	y
aj	ě
aw	u
ā	a
an	ǫ
in	ę, ь
un	ǫ, ъ

Havlík's law: strong *ъ > *o, strong *ь > *e, weak jers vanish without doing anything

Cja > Cě

Consonants

PSem	*b	*d	*g	*p	*t	*k	*ṭ	*ḳ	*ð	*z	*þ	*š	*ś	*s	*þ̣	*ṣ	*ṣ́	*ɣ	*ʕ	*ʔ	*x	*ħ	*h	*m	*n	*l	*r	*w	*j
Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon	b	d	ž	p	c	č	t	k	v	z	f	s	š	s	f	š	þ	g	qː	ː	ch	ha	h	m	n	l	r	v	j

Nouns

Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns inflect for 4 cases:

• nominative
• genitive-accusative
• dative
• instrumental-locative

Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular -Ø < *-ъ < PSem *-u and genitive/accusative singular -o < PSem *-a. Feminine singular nominative *-atu was changed to *-ā > -a under Indo-European influence. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'.

Masculine nouns of type moloč

Masculine noun: moloč 'king'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom.	moloč	molča	molčy
gen./acc.	molčo	molčě	molči
dative	molčlu	molčěluma	molčilúm
ins./loc.	molčbi	molčěbima	molčibím

Masculine noun: júm 'day'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	júm	júma	júmy
gen./acc.	júmo	júmě	júmi
dative	júmlu	júměluma	júmilúm
ins./loc.	júmbi	júměbima	júmibím

Masculine *-ь-stems

Masculine noun: fob 'antelope'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	fob	fobě	fobje
gen./acc.	fobje	fobjě	fobji
dative	foblu	fobjěluma	fobjilúm
ins./loc.	fobebi	fobjěbima	fobjibím

Masculine nouns of type ráj

Example nouns: máj 'water', somáj 'heaven', ráj 'splendor'

Feminine nouns of type molča

Feminine noun: molča 'queen'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	molča	molčota	molčác
gen./acc.	molčoto	molčocě	molčaci
dative	molčótla	molčótluma	molčátlěn
ins./loc.	molčótbě	molčótbima	molčátbín

Feminine noun: syra 'performance; ritual'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	syra	syrota	syrác
gen./acc.	syroto	syrocě	syraci
dative	syrótla	syrótluma	syrátlěn
ins./loc.	syrótbě	syrótbima	syrátbín

Feminine nouns of type lesán

This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix *-at- in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: qӗn 'eye'; ovon, ovn- 'ear'; beton, betn- 'stomach'; koron, korn- 'horn'; lӗl 'night'; oroþ, orþ- 'earth'.

Feminine noun: lesán 'tongue, language'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	lesán	lesána	lesánác
gen./acc.	lesáno	lesáně	lesánaci
dative	lesánla	lesáněluma	lesánátlěn
ins./loc.	lesánbě	lesáněbima	lesánátbín

Feminine abstract -íc nouns

Feminine noun: omyníc 'truth'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	omyníc	omynita	omynijác
gen./acc.	omynito	omynicě	omynijaci
dative	omynítla	omynítluma	omynijátlěn
ins./loc.	omynítbě	omynítbima	omynijátbín

Adjectives

Adjectives tend to precede nouns: rób běc 'big house', taba spara 'good story'.

Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -ǫ: tab 'good' > tabǫ 'well', hočam 'wise' > hočamǫ 'wisely'.

Adjectives ending in a consonant

Adjective declension: tab 'good'
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
nominative	tab	taba	taba	tabota	taby	tabác
gen./acc.	tabo	taboto	tabě	tabocě	tabi	tabaci
dative	tablu	tabótla	taběluma	tabótluma	tabilúm	tabátlěn
ins./loc.	tabbi	tabótbě	taběbima	tabótbima	tabibím	tabátbín

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Case	First person
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nák	nána	nány
Genitive	meni	menna	menny
Dative	li	lona	lony
Accusative	níc	nác	nýc
Ins./Loc.	bi	bna	bny

Personal pronouns, cont.
Case	Second person					Third person
	Singular		Dual	Plural		Singular		Dual	Plural
	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine
Nominative	ǫto	ǫc	ǫtma	ǫtmy	ǫtna	ho	hi	homa	homy	hen
Genitive	męk	męč	mękma	mękmy	męčna	men	mená	menema	menemy	menen
Dative	lók	lóč	lókma	lókmy	lóčna	lu	lá	luma	lumy	lěn
Accusative	kác	číc	kmác	kmýc	čnác	hóc	hác	homác	homýc	henác
Ins./Loc.	bek	beč	bekma	bekmy	bečna	bí	bě	bíma	bímy	bín

Interrogative pronouns
Case	'who'	'what'
Nominative	mi	ma
Genitive	menmi	menma
Dative	milu	malu
Accusative	míc	mác
Ins./Loc.	mibi	mabi

Demonstrative/relative pronoun
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
nom.	vy	věc	va	věta	oly	olác
acc./gen.	vu	věto	vě	věcě	oli	olaci
dat.	vylu	větla	věluma	větluma	olilúm	olátlěn
ins./loc.	vybi	větbě	věbima	větbima	olibím	olátbín

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

Different cardinal numerals are declined differently, and have various effects on the modified noun depending on the final digits of the numeral:

• Cardinal numerals one and two, and those ending in "1" or "2", are declined as adjectives. The modified noun is singular (and agrees in case) for numbers ending in ahod, and the noun is dual for numbers ending in fla.
• All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
  • Words šolaf (3) through cés (9) or in qošor (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (Jef šolafa ęsáje 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (Jef šolaf 'There are three').
  • Words qošory (20), šolafy (30), ..., césy (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
  • Units such as sefor (0), meja (100), olop (1000), miljón, miljard, etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking dual and plural as necessary.

Examples:

• qošory júmi '20 days', qošory sonáci '20 years'
• qošory ahod júm '21 days', qošory ahda sona '21 years'
• qošory fla júma '22 days', qošory flota sonota '22 years'
• qošory šolafa júmi '23 days', qošory šolafa sonáci '23 years'

One may also encounter calques from Arabic:

• Olop lěláci v lěl 'One thousand and one nights' (Arabic ˀalf^u layla^tin wa-layla^tun).

Since Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus Nǫšú voldě v bęto 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as Nǫšú flě voldě v ahdoto bęto.

Netagin numerals
	n	nth	1/n
0	sefor	-	-
1	ahod (m), ahda (f)	okdom	-
2	fla (m), flota (f)	okrob	porok
3	šolaf, šolafa	šolyf	mešólef
4	roboq, roboqa
5	chǫs, chǫsa	mepházúmh	pizzámh
6	séf, séfa	melábhún	libán
7	sóp, sópa	meqhátzúdh	qittzádh
8	fomán, fomána	mecháˁúš	céˁáš
9	cés, césa	merápheh	ripeh
10	qošor, qošora	meḥáchúbh	ḥicábh
11	ahod v qošor	ḥáchúbh mehálúdh	-
20	qošory	megháḥúz nḥachúbh	-
21	qošory v ahod	gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh	-
30	šolafy	-	-
40	roboqy	-	-
50	chǫsy	-	-
60	séfy	-	-
70	sópy	-	-
80	fomány	-	-
90	césy	-	-
100	meja	mejocí	-
200	mejota	mejotají	-
300	šolafa mejác	šolafamejocí	-
1000	olop	olpí	-
2000	olpa	olpají	-
3000	šolafa olpy	šolafaolpí	-

Verbs

See also: Verbal subparadigms.

The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.

Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?

G-stems: kotol

kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel 'kill'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
kotlec
Participle
katel
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	ktol!	ktola!	ktoly!
2.f	ktoli!		ktolno!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	noktol	noktla	noktly
2.m	toktol	toktla	toktly
2.f	toktli		toktolno
3.m	joktol	joktla	joktly
3.f	joktli		joktolno
Imperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	fonoktol	fonoktla	fonoktly
2.m	fotoktol	fotoktla	fotoktly
2.f	fotoktli		fotoktolno
3.m	fojoktol	fojoktla	fojoktly
3.f	fojoktli		fojoktolno
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	kotolok	kotolna	kotolny
2.m	kotolot	kotoltma	kotoltmy
2.f	kotoloc		kotoltno
3.m	kotol	kotola	kotoly
3.f	kotola	kotolota	kotolno
Future I
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	rþi noktol	rþi noktla	rþi noktly
2.m	rþi toktol	rþi toktla	rþi toktly
2.f	rþi toktli		rþi toktolno
3.m	rþi joktol	rþi joktla	rþi joktly
3.f	rþi joktli		rþi joktolno
Future II
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.m	nočun katel	nočuna katla	nočuny katly
1.f	nočun katla	nočuna katlota	nočuny katlác
2.m	točun katel	točuna katla	točuny katly
2.f	točuni katla	točuna katlota	točunno katlác
3.m	jočun katel	jočuna katla	jočuny katly
3.f	jočuni katla	jočuna katlota	jočunno katlác
Perfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.m	nák katel	nána katla	nány katly
1.f	nák katla	nána katlota	nány katlác
2.m	ǫto katel	ǫtma katla	ǫtmy katly
2.f	ǫc katla	ǫtma katlota	ǫtno katlác
3.m	(ho) katel	(homa) katla	(homy) katly
3.f	(hi) katla	(homa) katlota	(hen) katlác
Pluperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.m	čǫk katel	čanna katla	čanny katly
1.f	čǫk katla	čanna katlota	čanny katlác
2.m	čǫt katel	čǫtma katla	čǫtmy katly
2.f	čǫc katla	čǫtma katlota	čǫtno katlác
3.m	čan katel	čana katla	čany katly
3.f	čana katla	čanota katlota	čanno katlác

D-stems: katol

pólžíc, pólež, jopólež, palož, mopólež 'split (something)'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
pólžíc
Participle
mopólež
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	pólež!	pólža!	pólžy!
2.f	pólži!		póležno!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	nopólež	nopólža	nopólžy
2.m	topólež	topólža	topólžy
2.f	topólži		topóležno
3.m	jopólež	jopólža	jopólžy
3.f	jopólži		jopóležno
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	paložok	paložna	paložny
2.m	paložot	paložtma	paložtmy
2.f	paložoc		paložtno
3.m	palož	paloža	paložy
3.f	paloža	paložota	paložno

Usage

Imperative

The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.

The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle c (< ce 'come') plus the present tense.

C jóci memloč męk.

Let Thy kingdom come.

The imperative is negated with the negative particle la, instead of bol.

La šní li!

Don't be mad at me!

Expressions

• Solám! 'Hello!'
• Tab júm! 'Good day!'
• Taba lěl! 'Good night!'

Texts

Pater noster

Ób menny vy i somájbi!
C joktódas sem męk.
C jóci memloč męk.
C jopqaly roþí męk, ěma i somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.
Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.
V staqpu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostaqpovy chotavác nož lony.
V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.
Amen.