User:IlL/Spare pages 1/39: Difference between revisions

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f > b / V_V, l_
f > b / V_V, l_
</poem>
</poem>
===Classical Wiobian===
A major source for reconstructing the phonology of Classical Wiobian is borrowings from and into neighboring languages with stable and conservative phonologies, such as [[Trây]]. Modern Wiobic lects are also an important guide.
====Phonotactics====
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
====Consonants====
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).
Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Classical Wiobian consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Click
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| [ɲ]
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t, th''' /t/
|
| '''ŧ''' /!/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| '''Ø, -ḥ''' /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''đ''' /g!/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''s''' /sʰ/, '''ß''' /s/
|
| '''sch''' /ɧ/
| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z''' /ts/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
| '''j, -y''' /j/
|
|
| '''w, -v''' /w/
|
|}
''n'' assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.
In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.
The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.
All fricatives (namely ''f'', ''þ'', ''s'', ''(c)h'', ''ƕ'') are voiced between voiced segments. The phonemes /θ/ and /ts/ merged into /s/ in late Classical Wiobian; however, only former /θ/ displays the voicing alternation [s~z].
Final geminated /ç/ is written '''sch'''.
====Vowels====
The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.
Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, ''Tumm''  'bird' and ''trum'' 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''ü''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ä''' /ɛ/
| '''ä''' /ɛː/
|
|
|
|
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''å''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
====Umlaut processes====
Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
''i''-umlaut:
*a + i > ä
*e + i > i
*o + i > ö
*u + i > ü
*au + i > aü
*io + i > üö
*ia + i > ie
*iu + i > ü
{{col-break}}
''u''-umlaut:
*a(:) + u > å(:)
*e + u > ö
*i + u > ü
*io + u > üö
*iu + u > ü
{{col-break}}
''a''-umlaut:
*u + a > o
*i + a > e
{{col-end}}
====Stress====
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
===Classical Wiobian to Early Middle Wiobian===
The development of Classical Wiobian to Middle Wiobian saw tonogenesis and increasing analyticity.
====Initials====
<poem>
'''Classical Wiobian''':
Preinitials/Prefixes: C-V-(n/s)-
Initials: s-C-R-
</poem>
=====No mutation=====
<poem>
C₁[+plosive]-C₂[+obstruent]- > C₂[+obstruent]-
</poem>
=====With mutation=====
<poem>
V-C > C[+lenition]
N-C > C[+nasalization]
s-C[+obstruent] > C[+obstruent, -voice]
C[+obstruent, -voice]-N > N[-voice]
C[+obstruent, +voice]-N > N[+voice]
</poem>
====Rimes====
=====Stressed environments=====
Finals after a vowel:
*'''-b''' > [-w] + modal
*'''-f''' > [-w] + breathy
*'''-d, -g''' > + modal
*'''-þ, -ß, -h, -ch''' > [-ː] + breathy
*'''-ɟ''' > [-j] + modal
*'''-s''' > [-j] + breathy
*'''-l''' > [-w]/[-j] depending on the vowel + modal
*'''-r''' > [-ː] + modal
*'''-mp''' > [-m] + glottalized
*'''-nd''' > [-n] + glottalized
*'''-nz''' > [-ɳ] + glottalized
*'''-nk''' > [-ŋ] + glottalized
"Entering tone" finals:
*'''-p''' > [-p̚]
*'''-t''' > [-t̚]
*'''-z''' > [-c̚]
*'''-k''' > [-k̚]
=====Primary stress=====
<poem>
This is the part of the Great Wiobian Vowel Shift to Early Middle Wiobian:
/o u/ > /ʊ/
/au ɔː oː/ > /oː/
/uo/ > /uː/
/ɔ/ > /o/
/a/ > /ɔ/
/aː/ > /æː/
/ɛ/ > /æ/ > /a/
/ay/ > /œ̠ː/
/ei/ > /ɪː/
</poem>
=====2ndary stress=====
Not very common, analogized to primary stress due to increasing analyticity. Only occurs with some compound word components that have lost their meaning.
=====Post-stressed environments=====
===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
<poem>
palatal > alveolar
Cr > retroflex
Cl > lateral
TONE SPLIT
</poem>
====Vowels====
<poem>
/oː/ > /o/
/uː/ > /ʉ/
/ʊ/ > /u/
/æː/ > /ja/ > /jɔ/
/œ̠ː/ > /ɛ/
/̠ɛː/ > /jæ/ > /ja/
/eː/ > /je/
/ø/ > /ə/
/øː/ > /ø/
/yː/ > /jy/
/iː/ > /ji/
/ie ia io iu yø/ > /jə jɛ jo ju jø/
/ɪː/ > /i/
</poem>
====Coda====
<poem>
/-c/ > /-jk/
/-ɲ/ > /-jŋ/
/-l/ > /-w/ resp. /-j/ depending on [conditions]
/-r/ > /-ː/ resp. /-j/
</poem>
===Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/
|
| /n/
| /nˡ/
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| /p/
| /ts/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tsʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɬʰ/
| /ʈʂʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| /f/
| /s/
|
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /χ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
|
|
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /j/
|
|
|}
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i, ei''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /jɪ/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
| '''ǖ''' /jʏ/
| '''ū, uo''' /ʉ/
|
| '''o, ō, u''' /u/
| '''iu''' /ju/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /je/
| '''ȫ''' /ø/
| '''üö''' /jø/
| '''ö''' /ə/
|
| '''au, å, å&#772;, ō''' /o/
| '''io''' /jo/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aü''' /ɛ/
| '''ǟ''' /jɛ/
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /ɔ/
| '''ia''' /jɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''ā''' /ja/
|
|
|}
After a retroflex consonant iotated vowels lose their iotation, and /i/ resp. /y/ are realized as [ɨ] resp. [ʉ].
===Late Middle Wiobian to Early Great Wiobian===
====Initials====
====Rimes====

Revision as of 01:03, 10 October 2015

Swadesh list

  1. I: in
  2. thou: i
  3. he/she/it: mi (this.m) mie (this.f), a (that.m), ah (that.f)
  4. we: hahm (exc), wind (inc)
  5. ye: lind
  6. they: miu (these m), mir (these f) å (those m), ar (those f)
  7. this: mi
  8. that: a
  9. here: ming
  10. there: ang
  11. who: ja
  12. what: jähl
  13. where: jang
  14. when: jieb
  15. how: jåne
  16. not: mei, liens, Quachs
  17. all: rei
  18. many: uhr
  19. some: kieŧ
  20. few: ŧich
  21. other: mach
  22. one: wiem
  23. two: descher
  24. three: nach
  25. four: mul
  26. five: nels
  27. big: halm
  28. long: gau
  29. wide: ŧrioch
  30. thick: schab
  31. heavy: garm
  32. small: binŧ
  33. short: kasch
  34. narrow: bisch
  35. thin: đipfer
  36. woman: Samm, Sämmer
  37. man: Ŧall, Ŧålle
  38. human: Wah, Wäher
  39. child: Bie, Biehe
  40. wife: Heste, Hester
  41. husband: Jern, Jörne
  42. mother: Ahm, Ähmer
  43. father: Ann, Anner
  44. animal: Schleck, Schlöcke
  45. fish: Hilm, Hülme
  46. bird: Ŧehr, Ŧöhret
  47. [a common pet]: Rüös, Ruoset
  48. insect: Đichli, Đichli
  49. snake?
  50. worm: Fitt, Fütte
  51. tree: Gein, Geiner
  52. forest: Rampf, Råmpfe
  53. stick: Bachs, Båchse
  54. fruit: Nind, Nindet
  55. seed: Pfatts, Depfatts
  56. leaf: Nitt, Denütte
  57. root: Flaun, Flauner
  58. bark: Krau, Kraue
  59. flower: Näpf, Napfe
  60. grass: Knohe, Knöher
  61. rope: Geletts, Geletts
  62. skin: Spang, Spanget
  63. meat/flesh: Ŧeid, Ŧeide
  64. blood: Mänz, Manze
  65. bone: Anŧ, Anŧet
  66. fat: Schnebe, Schneber
  67. egg: Bimm, Bümme
  68. horn: Pfächte, Pfachte
  69. tail: Behr, Böhre
  70. feather: Hufs, Hufser
  71. hair: Appe, Apper
  72. head: Bast, Båster
  73. ear: Điss, Đüsser
  74. eye: Feich, Faücher
  75. nose: Jade, Jader
  76. mouth: Küöm, Kuome
  77. tooth: Schwalf, Schwalfet
  78. tongue: Himmer, Himmert
  79. fingernail: Quab, Quäber
  80. foot: Mage, Mager
  81. leg: Mage, Mager
  82. knee: Zegel, Zegle
  83. hand: Schieme, Schiemer
  84. wing: Irbe, Irbet
  85. belly: Đänge, Đange
  86. guts: Ŧüffer
  87. neck: Krapf, Kråpfe
  88. back: Blein, Blaüne
  89. breast: Dack, Däcker
  90. heart: Eil, Aüle
  91. liver: Schürŧel, Schurŧel
  92. drink: điols, đüöls, Geđiols
  93. eat: haff, hiff, Haffs
  94. bite: gar, gier, Garen
  95. suck: ŧarg, ŧirg, Ŧargs
  96. spit: speŧŧ, speŧŧe, Speŧŧel
  97. vomit: begrall, begrälle, Begralls
  98. blow: schwecht, schwechte, Schwechts
  99. breathe: pfach, pfich, Pfachs
  100. laugh: rack, rick, Räckel (smile: racknung, racknünge, Racknungs)
  101. see: doss, döss, Dössel
  102. hear: ŧall, ŧill, Ŧalls
  103. know: gad, gied, Gads
  104. think: iem, ieme, Iems
  105. smell: blung, blunge, Blungs
  106. fear: knatz, knitz, Geknatz
  107. sleep: drau, driu, Draüel
  108. live: jund, jünde, Junds
  109. die: zern, zerne, Gezern
  110. kill: enzern, enzerne, Enzerns

Place names

Hauerreberjamms - capital of Wiobermin - Redo bloated spelling of Hauerreberjamms after reworking sound changes
Walsterschmerg
Gertraucherzweidung
Deschrüssmeder
Ingsthanz
Gemastkriebing
Tübederchung
Iosmahrlinde
Geschelinde
Greichŧrister
Uobensbarr
Wuscherŧrungen
Flaŧŧsschmängs
Ämmerbraum
Pfiune - river name

Words

Und, Under 'day'
Schnilŧ 'pod' > scha-nil > ha níl > niin > Nien 'spice'
Ŧehr 'bird' > dzai1
Ŧepps 'ice' > dzai2
enŧepp 'freeze' > ńyp2
Früngli - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huß, Hußer - world
Mauch, Mauchet - ball, sphere > mao5
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
enschläb - lower
enfens - raise
Bezwanns - ladder, scale
bekiod - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Dioder - great mountain (Surname)
Descherbast - dvandva
Wiehung, Wiehunger 'kernel'

Sound changes

Initials

p > b /ɓ/ high class
sp > p /pʰ/ high class
b > p low class
m > m low class
schm > m high class
w > w low class
schw > w high class
pf > pf high class
f > f high class
enpf, enf > w high class
schm, schw + séimhiú > m, w L
urú
np > b > p L
nb > m > m L
nf > mhf > w L
npf > w L
aspirate mutation
s-m > m H
s-p > p H
s-b > p H
s-w > w H
s-z > tʰ H
t > ɗ H
z > t H
st > tʰ H
d > tʰ L
n > n L
l > l L
schn > n H
schl > l H
z > t H
s > z H
ss > s H

séimhiú:
t-sé > s H
d-sé > s L
z-se > s H

uru:
nt: t̓ʰ H
nd: n L
ns: z H
nss: z H
nl > ł L
nschl > ł H
nschr > ż H

ŧ > dź H
sŧ > ć H
đ > ć L
ŧh > ś H
đh > ś L
nŧ > ć H
nđ > ł L
pl, kl > dź H
spl > ć H
bl, gl > ć L
Npl, Nkl > ć H
Nbl, Ngl > ł L
phl, khl > ś H
bhl, ghl > ś L
ml, schml > ł H, ł L

pr, pfr, tr, kr > dż H
spr, str > cz H
br, dr, gr > cz L
fr, schr > sz H
r > ż L
mr > nz L
schmr > nz H
thr > sz H
dhr > sz L
mhr > ż L?

ntr > cz H
ndr > nz L
nschr, nfr > ż H

palatals

ti, ki > dzi H
sti > ci H
di, gi > ci L
ssi, schi > si H
ni > ni L
schni > ni H
si > zi H
dzi H + se > si H
ci L + se > ni L

nti > ci L
ndi > ni L
nsi, nssi, nschi > zi H


k > g H
g > k L
tes-k > k-H
kh > ch H
gh > ch L
oh and
kn, schng > ng H
gn, ng > ng L
sch > ch H\
nk > k L
ng > ng L
nsch > ng H
wi > zi L
schwi > zi H

Rimes

' = palatalization of dentals, velars and w to palatals

short i > -y-
long i > -'ei, -yC
short e > -y-
long e > -e-
long/short ä > -'a-
long/short ü > -'ư
long/short ö > -ơ
short u > -u-
long u > -y-
long/short o > -u-
long/short å > -o-
short a > -o
long a > -'a
-ie > -'i-
-io > -'u-
-ia > -'o-
-iu > -'ư-
-uo > -u-
-üö > -'ơ
-äu > -e
-au > -au, -uC
-ei > -a

Historical phonology

Proto-Gamedan to Proto-Wiobian

  • PGam *h-, *ʔ- > *0
  • PGam *z > *h
  • PGam *s > *ts
  • Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
  • "Grimm's law"
    • PGam plain stops become fricatives
    • PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
    • PGam ejective stops become voiced stops

Proto-Wiobian to Classical Wiobian

  • Uvulars debuccalize
    • Plain uvular stops /q ɢ/ become /ʔ/
    • Plain uvular fricative /χ/ merges with /x/ into /x~h/
    • Exception: *n + C[+uvular] yields Wiobian ng - This is why final -ng is common in Wiobian
  • kʷ qʷ > kʷ, xʷ χʷ > xʷ, gʷ ɢʷ > w

Wiobian Consonant Shift:
p > f / V_V,
p > f / V_C
p > pf / #_, {l,m,n,r}_
pp > pf
t > ss or ß / V_
t > tz or z / #_, {l,m,n,r}_
tt > tz
k > ch / V_
bb > pp /
d > t
þ > d
f > b / V_V, l_

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