User:IlL/Spare pages 1/69: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Based on | Based on Praveen's old Proto-Pulchric. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | |+ | ||
| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
| | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
| | !colspan="2" | Coronal | ||
| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Palatal | ||
!colspan="2" | Dorsal | |||
| | !rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Laryngeal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small> | ||
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small> | |||
| | ! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small> | ||
| | ! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small> | ||
| | ! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small> | ||
| | ! style="width: 45px; "|<small>emph.</small> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | !colspan="2"| Nasal | ||
| '''m''' /m/ || '''M''' /mʶ/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ || '''N''' /nʶ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ || '''NG''' /ɴ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| ''' | |- | ||
| ''' | !rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Stop | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''p''' /p/ || '''P''' /pʶ/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ || '''T''' /tʶ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| '''k''' /k/ || '''q''' /q/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''b''' /b/ || '''B''' /bʶ/ | |||
| '''d''' /d/ || '''D''' /dʶ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''G''' /ɢ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| | | | ||
| | | || | ||
| | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
| ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | | !colspan=2| Trill/Tap | ||
| || | |||
| '''r''' /ɾ/ || '''R''' /ɾʶ/ | |||
| | |||
| || | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Approximant | |||
|colspan="2"| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| '''l''' /l/ || '''L''' /lʶ/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | |||
| || | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Emphatic consonants are uvularized, as in Arabic. | |||
Aspiration is allophonic in voiceless stops. The Luminese dialect aspirates stops more strongly than in the Rencadic dialect. | |||
====Gemination==== | |||
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels. Geminate taps are realized as trills. | |||
Gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ''ng'' and ''NG'' are written ''nng'' and ''NNG'' respectively. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front | ||
| Line 88: | Line 106: | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| '''i''' /i/ | | '''i''' /i/ | ||
| ''' | | '''i:''' /iː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''u''' /u/ | | '''u''' /u/ | ||
| ''' | | '''u:''' /uː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| '''e''' /e/ | | '''e''' /e/ | ||
| ''' | | '''e:''' /eː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''o''' /o/ | | '''o''' /o/ | ||
| ''' | | '''o:''' /oː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| Line 106: | Line 124: | ||
| | | | ||
| '''a''' /a/ | | '''a''' /a/ | ||
| ''' | | '''a:''' /aː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ''ai au'' respectively) | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Only CV syllables are allowed, except: | |||
*a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable | |||
*CVC and CVCː are allowed as the last syllable | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect. | |||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Revision as of 23:39, 18 March 2016
Numbers
- 1: kotthe
- 2: rliipa
- 3: purne
- 4: nyarr
- 5: kuuce
- 6: etheeka
- 7: tyaike
- 8: nhaarni
- 9: martu
- 10: ulyerre
- 11: emarra
- 12: pirdi
- 13: pirdi rre kotthe
- 144: rtaratthe
- 1728: uupek
Phonology
Based on Praveen's old Proto-Pulchric.
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emph. | plain | emph. | plain | emph. | ||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | M /mʶ/ | n /n/ | N /nʶ/ | ng /ŋ/ | NG /ɴ/ | |||
| Stop | tenuis | p /p/ | P /pʶ/ | t /t/ | T /tʶ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | B /bʶ/ | d /d/ | D /dʶ/ | g /ɡ/ | G /ɢ/ | |||
| Fricative | h /h/ | ||||||||
| Trill/Tap | r /ɾ/ | R /ɾʶ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | L /lʶ/ | y /j/ | |||||
Emphatic consonants are uvularized, as in Arabic.
Aspiration is allophonic in voiceless stops. The Luminese dialect aspirates stops more strongly than in the Rencadic dialect.
Gemination
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels. Geminate taps are realized as trills.
Gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ng and NG are written nng and NNG respectively.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | i: /iː/ | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /e/ | e: /eː/ | o /o/ | o: /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | a: /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ai au respectively)
Phonotactics
Only CV syllables are allowed, except:
- a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable
- CVC and CVCː are allowed as the last syllable
Stress
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.
Morphophonology
Grammar
Proto-Meezarric is SOV and agglutinating. Nouns come in four conjugations defined by the POA of the final consonant in the root (/w/ is considered velar)
| Case | thuta-r 'language' | waarnu-y 'sun' | morro-w 'ice' | paiku-rr 'house' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | thutarl | waarnuly | morrolg | paikul |
| Accusative | thutarli | waarnulyi | morrolgi | paikuli |
| Genitive | thutari | waarnuyi | morrowi | paikurri |
| Dative | thutarn-me | waarnuny-me | morrong-me | paikun-me |
| Instrumental | thutarttu | waarnuttju | morrokku | paikuttu |
| Elative | thutaro | waarnuyo | morrowo | paikurro |
| Inessive | thutarna | waarnunya | morronga | paikuna |
| Illative | thutarnu | waarnunyu | morrongu | paikunu |
| Essive | thutarlim | waarnulyim | morrolgim | paikulim |
| Translative | thutarltau | waarnulytjau | morrolgkau | paikultau |
(rlt = /ɭʈ/)