Jugsnorsk

Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation	[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created by	Melinoë
Date	February 23rd, 2026
Native to	Altai mountain region
Ethnicity	Jugsnorsk
Native speakers	(L1) 400,000 (2020) (L2) 20,000
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic East Scandinavian Jugsnorsk
Early forms	Old Norse Old East Norse Húsnorsk Jugsnorsk
Standard form	Varhúsnorsk
Writing systems	Runic Latin Braille
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Altai Republic Buryatia Northern Mongolia
Regulated by	The Húsnorsk Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jugs
Jugsnorsk is classified as vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

History

Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with raukki for example, from raunj and -ki.

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
	Aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	kʰ
Fricative	Unvoiced	f	θ	s	x
	Voiced		ð
Approximant		ʋ		r², l	j

1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)

Stressed vowels

	Front						Back
	Unround			Round
	Short	Diph.	Long	Short	Diph.	Long	Short	Diph.	Long
High	i	ɪi̯	iː	y	ʏy̯	yː	u	ʊu̯	uː
Mid	e	e̞i̯	eː	ø	ø̞y̯	øː	o	o̞u̯	oː
Low							a	ɐu̯	aː

Unstressed vowels

	Front						Back
	Unround			Round
	Short	Diph.	Long	Short	Diph.	Long	Short	Diph.	Long
High	ɪ	i	iː	ʏ	y	yː	ʊ	u	uː
Mid	ɛ	e	eː	œ	ø	øː	ɔ	o	oː
Low							ɐ	a	aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs.

	-j	-v
i-	—	ju
í/ī-	—	jːu, i.ju
u-	wi	—
ú/ū-	wːi, u.wi	—
e-	ei̯, e̞i̯	eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
é/ē-	eːi̯, e̞ːi̯	eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
o-	oi̯, ɤ(i̯)	ou̯, o̞u̯
ó/ō-	oːi̯, ɤː(i̯)	oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
a-	äi̯	ɑu̯, ɒu̯
á/ā-	äːi̯	ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯

Orthography

Letter	IPA
A a	ɐ
Á á	ɐu
B b	b
D d	d
E e	e̞
É é	e̞i
F f	f
G g	ɡ
H h	x
I i	i
Í í	ɪi
J j	j
K k	k
L l	l
M m	m
N n	n
O o	o̞
Ó ó	o̞u
P p	p
R r	r
S s	s
T t	t
U u	ʊ
Ú ú	ʊu
V v	ʋ
Y y	ʏ
Ý ý	ʏy
(Z z)	tʰ
Ø ø	ø̞
Ǿ ǿ	ø̞y
Þ þ	θ
Ð ð	ð

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")

Long s is still used

Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")

Extensive use of ligatures

Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")

Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"

Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".

Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:

U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).

I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)

A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut and i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse gøra.

Nouns

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

Strong nouns

Common patterns

Inflection of avlj (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlj	avljī	avlé	avléní
accusative	avl	avlī	avla	avlana
dative	avli	avlinū	ovlū	ovlunū
genitive	avlis	avlinūs	ovlūs	ovlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlsj	avlsjī	avlsé	avlséní
accusative	avls	avlsī	avlsa	avlsana
dative	avlsi	avlsinū	ovlsū	ovlsunū
genitive	avlsis	avlsinūs	ovlsūs	ovlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlgj	avlgjī	avlgé	avlgéní
accusative	avlg	avlgī	avlga	avlgana
dative	avlgi	avlginū	ovlgū	ovlgunū
genitive	avlgis	avlginūs	ovlgūs	ovlgunūs

Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ǿ	ójī	alé	aléní
accusative	ó	alī	ala	alana
dative	ali	alinū	olū	olunū
genitive	alis	alinūs	olūs	olunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósj	ósjī	alsé	alséní
accusative	ós	alsī	alsa	alsana
dative	alsi	alsinū	olsū	olsunū
genitive	alsis	alsinūs	olsūs	olsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ógj	ógjī	algé	algéní
accusative	óg	algī	alga	algana
dative	algi	alginū	olgū	olgunū
genitive	algis	alginūs	olgūs	olgunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ósj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósj	ósjī	ésí	ésíní
accusative	ós	ósī	ési	ésina
dative	ési	ésinū	ósū	ósunū
genitive	ésis	ésinūs	ósūs	ósunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	óssj	óssjī	éssé	ésséní
accusative	óss	óssī	éssa	éssana
dative	éssi	éssinū	óssū	óssunū
genitive	éssis	éssinūs	óssūs	óssunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósgj	ósgjī	ésgé	ésgéní
accusative	ósg	ósgī	ésga	ésgana
dative	ésgi	ésginū	ósgū	ósgunū
genitive	ésgis	ésginūs	ósgūs	ósgunūs

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	nejl	nejliní
accusative	najl	najlī	nejl	nejlina
dative	najli	najlinū	nojlū	nojlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	nojlūs	nojlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	nejls	nejlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	nejls	nejlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	nojlsū	nojlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	nojlsūs	nojlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	nejlg	nejlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	nejlg	nejlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	nojlgū	nojlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	nojlgūs	nojlgunūs

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasj	nasjī	nasé	naséní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nosū	nosunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nosūs	nosunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassj	nassjī	nassé	nasséní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nossū	nossunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nossūs	nossunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naskj	naskjī	naské	naskéní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	noskū	noskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	noskūs	noskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	okkū	okkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	okkūs	okkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	okksū	okksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	okksūs	okksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	okkjū	okkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	okkjūs	okkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mó	málit	mó	mólī
accusative	mó	málit	mó	mólī
dative	máli	málinū	mólū	mólunū
genitive	mális	málinūs	mólūs	mólunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mós	málsit	mós	mólsī
accusative	mós	málsit	mós	mólsī
dative	málsi	málsinū	mólsū	mólsunū
genitive	málsis	málsinūs	mólsūs	mólsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	móg	málgit	móg	mólgī
accusative	móg	málgit	móg	mólgī
dative	málgi	málginū	mólgū	mólgunū
genitive	málgis	málginūs	mólgūs	mólgunūs

Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladd	ísladdit	íslodd	ísloddī
accusative	ísladd	ísladdit	íslodd	ísloddī
dative	ísladdi	ísladdinū	ísloddū	ísloddunū
genitive	ísladdis	ísladdinūs	ísloddūs	ísloddunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladds	ísladdsit	íslodds	ísloddsī
accusative	ísladds	ísladdsit	íslodds	ísloddsī
dative	ísladdsi	ísladdsinū	ísloddsū	ísloddsunū
genitive	ísladdsis	ísladdsinūs	ísloddsūs	ísloddsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísloddg	ísloddgī
accusative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísloddg	ísloddgī
dative	ísladdgi	ísladdginū	ísloddgū	ísloddgunū
genitive	ísladdgis	ísladdginūs	ísloddgūs	ísloddgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neutral	neuter
nominative	ęk, k'	þú, þ'	—	hán	hén	þat
accusative	mik	þik	sik
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	héni	þati
genitive	mís	þís	sís	hánis	hénis	þatis
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neutral	neuter
nominative	ví	í	—	þá	þé	þò
accusative	os	iðj	sik
dative	osū	iðjū	sjū	þjū
genitive	osūs	iðjūs	sjūs	þjūs

Verbs

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

Class 1

Inflection of grípa (Positive, Strong class 1)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	grípa		grípask
pr. part.	grípaddi		grípaddisk
pa. part.	gripðj		griptsk
supine	gript		griptsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	grípu	gripu	grípusk	gripusk
plural	grípū	gripū	grípūsk	gripūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	grípi	gripi	grípisk	gripisk
plural	grípī	gripī	grípīsk	gripīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	gríp		grípsk
plural	grípið		grípitsk

Class 2

Inflection of lýga (Positive, Strong class 2)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	lýga		lýgask
pr. part.	lýgaddi		lýgaddisk
pa. part.	lugðj		lugtsk
supine	lugt		lugtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	lýgu	lugu	lýgusk	lugusk
plural	lýgū	lugū	lýgūsk	lugūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	lýgi	lugi	lýgisk	lugisk
plural	lýgī	lugī	lýgīsk	lugīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	lýg		lýgsk
plural	lýgið		lýgitsk

Class 3

Inflection of sykka (Positive, Strong class 3)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	sykka		sykkask
pr. part.	sykkaddi		sykkaddisk
pa. part.	sukkðj		sukktsk
supine	sukkt		sukktsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	sykku	sukku	sykkusk	sukkusk
plural	sykkū	sukkū	sykkūsk	sukkūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	sykki	sukki	sykkisk	sukkisk
plural	sykkī	sukkī	sykkīsk	sukkīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	sykk		sykksk
plural	sykkið		sykkitsk

Class 5

Inflection of gata (Positive, Strong class 5)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	gata		gatask
pr. part.	gataddi		gataddisk
pa. part.	gáttj		gáttsk
supine	gátt		gáttsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	gatu	gátu	gatusk	gátusk
plural	gatū	gátū	gatūsk	gátūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	gati	gáti	gatisk	gátisk
plural	gatī	gátī	gatīsk	gátīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	gat		gatsk
plural	gatið		gatitsk

Class 7

Inflection of gagga (Positive, Strong class 7)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	gagga		gaggask
pr. part.	gaggaddi		gaggaddisk
pa. part.	geggðj		geggtsk
supine	geggt		geggtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	gaggu	geggu	gaggusk	geggusk
plural	gaggū	geggū	gaggūsk	geggūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	gaggi	geggi	gaggisk	geggisk
plural	gaggī	geggī	gaggīsk	geggīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	gagg		gaggsk
plural	gaggið		gaggitsk

the -gg- of gagga acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

Weak verbs

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bǿgja, is a j-weak.

Inflection of bǿgja (Positive, weak)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	bǿ(g)ja		bǿ(g)jask
pr. part.	bǿ(g)jaddi		bǿ(g)jaddisk
pa. part.	bǿgðj		bǿgtsk
supine	bǿgt		bǿgtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	bǿ(g)ju	bǿgðu	bǿ(g)jusk	bǿgðusk
plural	bǿ(g)jū	bǿgðū	bǿ(g)jūsk	bǿgðūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	bǿgi	bǿgði	bǿgisk	bǿgðisk
plural	bǿgī	bǿgðī	bǿgīsk	bǿgðīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	bǿg		bǿgsk
plural	bǿgið		bǿgitsk

This next verb, hava, is a plain weak.

Inflection of hava (Positive, weak)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	hava		havask
pr. part.	havaddi		havaddisk
pa. part.	havðj		havtsk
supine	havt		havtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	havu	havðu	havusk	havðusk
plural	havū	havðū	havūsk	havðūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	havi	havði	havisk	havðisk
plural	havī	havðī	havīsk	havðīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	hav		havsk
plural	havið		havitsk

hava rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as 'va

Inflection of 'va (Positive, weak)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	'va		'vask
pr. part.	'vaddi		'vaddisk
pa. part.	'vðj		'vtsk
supine	'vt		'vtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	'vu	'vðu	'vusk	'vðusk
plural	'vū	'vðū	'vūsk	'vðūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	'vi	'vði	'visk	'vðisk
plural	'vī	'vðī	'vīsk	'vðīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	'v		'vsk
plural	'við		'vitsk

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Inflection of vaja (Positive, Strong class 5)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	vaja		vajask
pr. part.	vajaddi		vajaddisk
pa. part.	véðj		vétsk
supine	vét		vétsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	vaju	váju	vajusk	vájusk
plural	vajū	vájū	vajūsk	vájūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	vaji	váji	vajisk	vájisk
plural	vajī	vájī	vajīsk	vájīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	vé		vésk
plural	vajið		vajitsk

Inflection of ǫja (Positive, Strong class 5)

non-finites	active		mediopassive
infinitive	ǫja		ǫjask
pr. part.	ǫjaddi		ǫjaddisk
pa. part.	ǿðj		ǿtsk
supine	ǿt		ǿtsk
indicative	present	past	present	past
singular	ǫju	ǫ́ju	ǫjusk	ǫ́jusk
plural	ǫjū	ǫ́jū	ǫjūsk	ǫ́jūsk
subjunctive	present	past	present	past
singular	ǫji	ǫ́ji	ǫjisk	ǫ́jisk
plural	ǫjī	ǫ́jī	ǫjīsk	ǫ́jīsk
imperative	present		present
singular	ǿ		ǿsk
plural	ǫjið		ǫjitsk

Syntax

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpǿdī vé 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 vé mānpǿdī 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

Ari havi sútī — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi sútī? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

sútī havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari vaji sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)

Ari havi sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying Ari havi sélā is "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sǿð means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.

The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Jugsnorsk:

ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds

[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

1. "a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.

literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Jugsnorsk:

ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.

[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]

1. "virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Jugsnorsk	Icelandic	Swedish
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	ǿdj	eldur	eld
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nos	nös	nos, näsa
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga	ganga	gånga
4	water	vatn	watn	vatn, ǫtn	vatn	vatten
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munðʀ (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) mūðj (river) mynni (river) ósj	(body) munnur (river) mynni (river) ós	(body) mun (river) mynne (river) os
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga	tunga	tunga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blóð	blóð	blod
8	bone	bein	bēn	bén	bein	ben
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þú	þú	du
10	root
11	to come (move)
12	breast
13	rain
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	ęk	ég	jag
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	navn	nafn	namn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nát	nátt	natt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spá¹	tala	tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hán (c) þat (n)	hann (m) hún (f) það (n)	han (m) hon (f) det (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa	sá	det
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskj²	fiskur	fisk
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	eigi (verbal) -at	ej (verbal) -at	eigi, ekki	ej, icke
57	good
58	to know
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	fǿdj (animal) skīð³ (general) húðj (human)	skinn húð	skinn (general) hud
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglj	fugl	fågel, fogel
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	í	í	í	i
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. Not cognate

   "spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".

2. "feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
3. "skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic