User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Lexicon

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: a dIlL/Spare pages 1/51 [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgaoth dIlL/Spare pages 1/51 [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a IlL/Spare pages 1/51ic language (a subbranch of the Talmic languages) inspired by Irish and German. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would a Celtic language with umlaut instead of palatalization look like?". Like all modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.

1: cēm- > cémh 2: tithōr > tiuthar 3: nazge > nág 4: dhaufe > daó 5: salir > salar 6: stām- > sdámh 7: rōde > ródh-L 8: lorethe > lorath-L 9: farve > arbh-L 10: ħiōr > ór

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view the pronunciation.

Symbols

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^h - h-prothesis

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

Like other modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51, such as the Thensarian letters h, th, ch, gh; the letters ħ and v are not used except in loanwords.

Double consonants are used for ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩, which come from the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 fortis resonants /L, N, Ŋ, R/; they are pronounced identically to single ⟨l, n, ŋ, r⟩ in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Phonology

Stress

Stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m m	n, nn n~ɳ			ŋ, ŋŋ ŋ~ɴ
Stop	tenuis	b p	d t~ʈ			g k~q		ʔ
	aspirated	p pʰ	t tʰ~ʈʰ			c kʰ~qʰ
Spirant	voiceless	f f	ɬ~ꞎ		ç~x
	voiced	v	ɮ~ɮ˞		j~ɣ
Non-spirant	voiceless		s s~ʂ					h
	voiced		z z~ʐ
Liquid				r, rr ɽ~ɖ~ɺ˞~ɭ			l, ll ʀ~ʟ
Approximant		w			j j

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech).
• Modern Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: Both aspiration and voicing are neutralized for word-final obstruents.
• Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /n, tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually dental, and are retroflex [ɳ, ʈʰ, ʈ, ꞎ, ɮ˞] adjacent to /ɽ˞~ɭ/.
  • The sequence /ŋɽ/ may become a retroflex lateral nasal [ɳᶩ] or, for some speakers, even a weak retroflex click [ᵑǃ˞].
• /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts. They have retroflex allophones [ʂ, ʐ] next to /ɺ˞~ɭ/.
• /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ç, j] before /iː yː ɪ ʏ eː øː ɛ œ/.
• The retroflex liquid /ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ/:
  • The [ɽ~ɺ˞] allophone usually occurs before vowels; [ɺ˞] predominates after /s z/.
  • After vowels the [ɭ] allophone is always used.
• The uvular liquid /ʀ~ʟ/:
  • The [ʀ] allophone occurs before consonants, and can be described as a "trilled Philly L". It is a pharyngealized uvular trill with compressed rounding [ʀᵝˤ] in careful speech, and a fricative or approximant [ʁᵝˤ] in casual speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative.
  • The allophone transcribed as [ʟ] occurs after vowels but may occur before consonants. but may occur is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used in all positions.

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s*	z	r	j	ŋ	c	g	l	0
IPA	/m/	/pʰ/	/p/	/f/	/n/	/tʰ/	/t/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ˞~ɭ/	/j/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/k/	/ʀ~ʟ/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	-	ch	gh	-	h-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	/h/	-	/ɬ/	/ɮ/	/h/	silent	-	-	-	/x/	/ɣ/	-	/h/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	mhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	-	-	-	gc	ŋg	-	ŋ-
IPA	-	/p/	/m/	/w/	-	/t/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	-	/k/	/ŋ/	-	/ŋ/

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

It is important to note that the given orthographic values are merely a proxy for the vowel, especially for the front rounded vowels (due to some words having "double umlaut").

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	iu, ui /ʏ/	iú, uí /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/
Mid	ai, ei, ia /ɛ/	aí, éi /eː/	eu, oi, aeu, aoi /œ/	aéu, aói /øː/	a [ə]	aó /ɵː/	al [ɤˁ]	ao, ua /ɔ/
Open		á, eá /aː/			a, ea /ɐ/

Diphthongs: é/ía éu/ói ó/úa /iə yə uə/

"L-colored" vowels: /ɒˁː ɔˤː ʊˁː ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables, and is written a.

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is close near-front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
  • If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /aː/ is open front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	aí	aó	e	é	i	í	o	ó	u	ú
u-umlaut	ao	áo	aeu	-	eu	éu	iu	iú	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	ai	aí	-	aoi	-	-	-	-	oi	ói	ui	uí

Some phonological rules

• Unstressed -alan, -aran > -aln [ɤˁn], -arn [ɜɭɳ]

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúda - 'time'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	clúda	clúdann
Definite	a clúda	clúdar
Construct	clúdadh	clúdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suar	syara
Definite	a shuar	syarann
Construct	suaradh	syarar

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	iamh	iamhar
Definite	a ŋ-iamh	a h-iamh
Construct	yamhadh	yamhar

Adjectives

Sample declensions

siath 'sharp'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ŋuar z-siath	ŋuara siatha	tilŋ siath	tilŋar siathar
Definite	a ŋyar shiath	ŋuarann siathann	a d-tilŋ z-siath	a tilŋ siath
Construct	ŋuara shiath	ŋuarar siathann	tylŋa shiath	tylŋar siath

éthamh 'holy'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ésda éthamh	ésdann h-éthamha	tilŋ éthamh	tilŋar éthamhar
Definite	a ésd éthamh	ésdar éthamhann	a d-tilŋ ŋ-éthamh	a tilŋ h-éthamh
Construct	ésdadh éthamh	ésdar éthamhann	tylŋa éthamh	tylŋar éthamh

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

Prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
de-L, d'- 'in'	dén	dés	déus	díu	dí	démh	déd	dec	dér
gil 'from'	gilan, giln	gilis	gilus	gilu	gili	gilamh	gilad	gilac	gilar
mo-L, m'- 'for, to'	món	móis	mós	mú	muí	mómh	mód	móc	mór

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish; for example:

• Thn. molyn 'I thank' > OTig molan (prototonic); Thn. tir molyn 'I do not thank' > OTig tí·mlun (deuterotonic)
• Cf. Thn. armolyn 'I pursue' > ar·mlun (deuterotonic); Thn. tir armolyn 'I do not pursue' > OTig tír·mol (prototonic)
• Thn. duptym 'he builds' > OTig duchdamh Thn. tir duptym 'he does not build' > OTig tý·dchtumh (The negative particle undergoes u-umlaut here!)

Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes.

Template:Col-3

Present tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	LSTEM-ann	STEM-aóch
1.in	-	STEM-adh géid
2	LSTEM-ar	STEM-adh zéid
3.m	STEM-adh ó/ŋí	STEM-adh ŋár
Impersonal	STEM-(a)1ra

Present tense of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mholann	mholaóch
1.in	-	moladh géid mholad (poetic)
2	mholar	moladh zéid mholasg (poetic)
3.m	moladh ó moladh ŋí	moladh ŋár
Impersonal	molra

Present tense of the verb idadh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	b'idann	b'idaóch
1.in	-	idadh géid b'idad (poetic)
2	b'idar	idadh zéid b'idasg (poetic)
3.m	idadh ó idadh ŋí	idadh ŋár
Impersonal	idara

¹ The buffer -a- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the *bi- prefix works as follows:

• For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
• For other prefixes, the mutation of the first consonant that would be induced by the prefix may be blocked.

Derivational morphology

These are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

• -all: adjectivizer
• ⁱ-al (m.): nominalizer
  • ŋoircal 'bitterness, resentment' < ŋorc - 'bitter'
• ⁱ-amh: adjectivizer
  • caoithlamh 'floral' < caothar 'flower' (Note *thr, *dhr > thl, dhl.)
• ⁱ-óiŋ, indef. pl. ⁱ-óiŋann, def. pl. ⁱ-óiŋar: agentive (< Thn. -iōȝī < Kagasa -yōȝi)
  • sbúithóiŋ 'sbúith player' < sbúith 'a string instrument with movable frets, similar to viola da gamba'
• -ór: augmentative

Syntax

Constituent order

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is almost completely head-initial, except for some compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Background information (usually in the order time-manner-place) may be placed before the verb (unlike in Irish), after the subject, or after the direct object. However, usually no constituent may come between the verb and the subject. Also, order may be more flexible in poetry.

Noun phrase

Possessive noun phrases

Moladh a thaichd mo éumhadh ú.
/ˈmɔˤːʀəɬ ʔə ˈɬɛxt mə ˈʔyəwəɬ ʔʉː/
mol-adh a-^L techd am-^L iamh-^uadh ú
thank-PRES DEF.SG.M child to mother-CONS.SG.F 3SG.M.DISJ
The child thanks his mother.

()

Sentence phrase

Conjunctions

• í: 'and'
• ad: 'or'
• ach: 'but'

Dependent clauses

Relative clauses

The relativizer is ri-N.