Glommish

Glommish (þiúdьsk /ɬʲuːtʲsk/ or þat þiúdьske mál; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic language spoken in Lõis's Þiúdland (our Northern France and Western Germany). It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.

Phonology

Like its southern neighbor Ufirlandisg, Glommish phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Lateral		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Nasal		m m	mь mʲ	n n̪	nь nʲ
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	pь pʲ	t t̪	tь tʲ			cz tʃ	k k
	voiced	b b	bь bʲ	d t̪	dь dʲ			dż dʒ	g g
Fricative	voiceless	f f	fь fʲ	s s~z	sь sʲ~zʲ	þ ɬ~ɮ	þь ɬʲ~ɮʲ	sz ʃ~ʒ	ch x~ɣ	h h
	voiced	v v	vь vʲ
Liquid				r r	rь rʲ	l ɫ	lь lʲ	j j

Orthographical note: The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.

Notes

• Hard /ɬ~ɮ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ~ɮˠ].

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ɨ/	ý /ɨː/	u /ʊ/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	e [ə]		o /ɔ/	ó /oː/
Open			a /a/	á /aː/

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 cases. However, nominative and accusative are conflated for articles, nouns and adjectives.

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article yn (declined as an adjective) and the definite article llar.

Definite article

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	þa	þí	þat	þí
dat.	þam	þiar	þam	þím
gen.	þas	þiar	þas	þiar

Consonant stems

a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vulf	vulfe
Dative	vulfe	vulfem
Genitive	vulfs	vulfe

ja-stem: basь (n.) 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	basь	basie
Dative	basie	basiem
Genitive	basies	basie

n-stems

Declined like weak adjectives.

an-stem: biare (m.) 'bear'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	biare	biaren
Dative	biarenь	biarem
Genitive	biarenь	biaren

an-stem: name (n.) 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	name	namen
Dative	namenь	namem
Genitive	namenь	namen

Vowel stems

Nouns with this declension type are almost always feminine in modern Glommish.

ō-stem: nase (f.) 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nase	naser
Dative	nase	nasem
Genitive	naser	nase

i-stem: geburþie (f.) 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geburþie	geburþier
Dative	geburþie	geburþiem
Genitive	geburþier	geburþie

īn-stem: starcze (f.) 'strength'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	starcze	starczer
Dative	starcze	starczem
Genitive	starczer	starcze

ō-stem: riaknyng (f.) 'balance, calculation'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	riaknyng	riaknynger
Dative	riaknyng	riaknyngem
Genitive	riaknynger	riaknyng

Nouns with palatalization in the plural

u-stem: sun (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sun	sunier
Dative	sune	suniem
Genitive	suns	sunie

u-stem: side (f.) 'custom'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	side	sidier
Dative	side	sidiem
Genitive	sider	sidie

z-stem: lamb (n.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lamb	lambier
Dative	lambe	lambiem
Genitive	lambs	lambie

Grab bag

r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrie
Dative	fadrie	fadriem
Genitive	fadiers	fadrie

Adjectives

Declension

For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	gáde	gáde	gádet	gáde
dat.	gádme	gáder	gádme	gádem
gen.	gádes	gáder	gádes	gáder

Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	gáde	gáden
dat.	gádenь	gádem
gen.	gádenь	gáden

Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.

Template:Col-2

Strong declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.
nom.	skónie	skónie	skóniet	skónie
dat.	skónьme	skónier	skónьme	skóniem
gen.	skónies	skónier	skónies	skónier

Weak declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	skónie	skónien
dat.	skónienь	skóniem
gen.	skónienь	skónien

Degree

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -ьst: svát, svátier, svátьst 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gád	batier	bast
"bad"	ubiel	virsier	virst
"much, many"	fiel	mýr	mýst
"high"	hóch	hójer	hójst
"near"	niáv	niávier	niávьst (also 'next')

Pronouns

Personal

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			m.	f.	n.
nom.	ik	þú	er	sí	it	vír	úr	í	-
acc.	mik	þik	ín	sí	it	unsь	ú	í	sik
dat.	mir	þir	ime	jar	ime	unsь	ú	ím	sir
gen.	mín	þín	is	jar	is	unsier	úrer	jar	sín

Demonstrative

• þise = this; jéne = that
• va, vam, vas = who; vat = what
• ví = how; só = so, thus
• var = where; hír = here; þar = there
• vilьke = which
• solьke = such
• ale = all, every
  • ale X ok X = each and every X

Verbs

Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example:

• There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
• The past subjunctive has disappeared except vierie 'were, would be' and dżendże 'would'.
• The use of the present subjunctive is limited, and is used similarly to the present subjunctive English.

Thematic verbs

For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i); -di- is added otherwise.

Hard thematic

maken 'to make'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	make	maker	makþь	makem	makþ	maken
present subjunctive	make	makes	make	makem	makeþ	maken
past	maktie	makties	maktie	maktiem	maktied	maktien
imperative	-	mak! / make!	-	-	makþ!	-
present participle	makend
past participle	makt

Also: lióven 'love', lirnen 'learn'

Soft thematic

varmien 'to warm'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	varmie	varmier	varmþь	varmiem	varmьþ	varmien
present subjunctive	varmie	varmies	varmie	varmiem	varmieþ	varmien
past	varmdie	varmdies	varmdie	varmdiem	varmdied	varmdien
imperative	-	varmь! / varmie!	-	-	varmьþ!	-
present participle	varmiend
past participle	varmd

Also: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadżen 'say'; ertalien 'teþ, recount'; ranien 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindżen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budżen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þachtie, þacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bíten 'to bite'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	bíte	bíter	bíteþь	bítem	bíteþ	bíten
present subjunctive	bíte	bítes	bíte	bítem	bíteþ	bíten
past	bit	bits	bit	bitem	biteþ	biten
imperative	-	bít! / bíte!	-	-	bíteþ!	-
present participle	bítend
past participle	biten

Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', dríven, driv, driven 'drive', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', ríten, rit, riten 'write'

Strong class 2

czósen 'to choose'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	czóse	czóser	czóseþь	czósem	czóseþ	czósen
present subjunctive	czóse	czóses	czóse	czósem	czóseþ	czósen
past	kós	kóses	kós	kósem	kóseþ	kósen
imperative	-	czós! / czóse!	-	-	czóseþ!	-
present participle	czósend
past participle	kusen

Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', bióchen, bóch, buchen 'bow', flióchen, flóch, fluchen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friósen, frós, frusen 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	binde	binder	bindeþь	bindem	bindeþ	binden
present subjunctive	binde	bindes	binde	bindem	bindeþ	binden
past	band	bands	band	bandem	bandeþ	banden
imperative	-	bind! / binde!	-	-	bindeþ!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: biedżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finþen, fanþ, funþen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; springen, sprang, sprungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; þringen, þrang, þrungen 'force someone'

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	biare	biarer	biareþь	biarem	biarþ	biaren
present subjunctive	biare	biares	biare	biarem	biarþ	biaren
past	bar	bars	bar	barem	barþ	baren
imperative	-	biar! / biare!	-	-	biarþ!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', kvemen, kvam, kumen 'come', spriaken, sprak, spruken 'speak', stialen, stal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'die'

Strong class 5

dżaven 'to give'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	dżave	dżaver	dżaveþь	dżavem	dżaveþ	dżaven
present subjunctive	dżave	dżaves	dżave	dżavem	dżaveþ	dżaven
past	gav	gavs	gav	gavem	gaveþ	gaven
imperative	-	dżav! / dżave!	-	-	dżaveþ!	-
present participle	dżavend
past participle	dżaven

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', liaszen, lach, liachen 'lie'

Strong class 6

graven 'to dig'

tense	ik	þú	ir/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	grave	graver	graveþь	gravem	graveþ	graven
present subjunctive	grave	graves	grave	gravem	graveþ	graven
past	gráv	grávs	gráv	grávem	gráveþ	gráven
imperative	-	grav! / grave!	-	-	graveþ!	-
present participle	gravend
past participle	graven

Also: faren, fár, faren 'spread', slachen, slách, slachen 'strike', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hýten, hít, híten - to be called

lópen, lióp, liópen - to leap

stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter

halden, hiald, hialden - to hold

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

sián, siádie, siád - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

viten 'to know'

viten 'to know'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	výt	výst	výt	vitem	viteþ	viten
present subjunctive	vite	vites	vite	vitem	viteþ	viten
past	vistie	visties	vistie	vistiem	vistieþ	vistien
imperative	-	výt! / výte!	-	-	viteþ!	-
present participle	vitend
past participle	vist

kunen 'can, be able to'

kunen 'can'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	kan	kans	kan	kunem	kunþ	kunen
present subjunctive	kune	kunes	kune	kunem	kuneþ	kunen
past	kundie	kundies	kundie	kundiem	kundieþ	kundien

Similarly skulen 'should', þurven 'have to'.

máten 'may'

This verb is derived from from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

máten 'may'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	mát	mást	mát	mátem	máteþ	máten
present subjunctive	máte	mátes	mát	mátem	máteþ	máten
past	mástie	másties	mástie	mástiem	mástieþ	mástien

Other irregular verbs

vín 'want to'

vín 'want to'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	ví	vír	ví	vím	víþ	vín
present subjunctive	ví	vís	vím	vím	víþ	vín
past	vildie	vildies	vildie	vildiem	vildieþ	vildien

bión 'be'

bión 'to be'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	em	ir	isь	bióm	bióþ	bión
present subjunctive	sí	sís	sí	sím	síþ	sín
past indicative	vas	vast	vas	viárem	viárþ	viáren
past subjunctive	viérie	viéries	viérie	viériem	viérieþ	viérien
imperative	-	bió!	-	-	bióþ!	-
present participle	biónd
past participle	viáren

dán 'do'

dán 'to do'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	dá	dár	dáþь	dám	dáþ	dán
present subjunctive	dá	dás	dá	dám	dáþ	dán
past	dié	diés	dié	diém	diéþ	dién
imperative	-	dá!	-	-	dáþ!	-
present participle	dánd
past participle	dán

gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'

gán 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí/it	vír	úr	í
present indicative	gá	gár	gáþь	gám	gáþ	gán
present subjunctive	gá	gás	gá	gám	gáþ	gán
past indicative	dżang	dżangs	dżang	dżangem	dżangþ	dżangen
past subjunctive1	dżendże	dżendżes	dżendże	dżendżem	dżendżeþ	dżendżen
imperative	-	gá!	-	-	gáþ!	-
present participle	gánd
past participle	dżangen

¹ Grammaticalized as the subjunctive/conditional marker.

Also: fán - to get, to obtain

Syntax

Word order is V2.

Negation

Negative particle is yncz.

Possession

Glommish, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish.

Tvý sunier bión at mir. "I have two sons." (lit. Two sons are at me, like Irish Tá dhá mhac agam)

Compound tenses

Celtic influence. Unlike in "normal" Germanic languages, the past participle is not used grammatically.

Progressive

• Ik em at þas apels jaten. "I am eating the apple." (lit. I am at the apple's eating, like Irish Táim ag ith an úill)

Perfect

• Ik em after þas apels jaten. "I have eaten the apple." (lit. I am after the apple's eating, like Hiberno-English)

Clauses

Conjunctions

• ok = and
• eþ = or
• nierь = but
• vaþier... eþ... = either... or...
• niaþier... nieþ... = neither... nor...

Conditional

There are two words that translate to "if":

• iv = if (used for conditions that could be true, like Irish má; also used in indirect questions; from *jabai)
• sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions, like Irish dá; from *sagdēdī "if it were said")

Numbers

1-10: ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tiachn /ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/

11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siefъtián, achъtián, nióntián /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲɛftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/

20-90: tvýntiech, þrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech /tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./

100: hunderþ /hundərɬ/

1000: þúsendь /ɬuːzənʲdʲ/

Ordinal numbers are formed with -t-: ýrьst 'first' is irregular.