Verse:Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch: Difference between revisions
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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/) is a West Germanic language spoken in Lõis's Germany, Switzerland and Austria. | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/) is a West Germanic language spoken in Lõis's Germany, Switzerland and Austria. | ||
Numbers: ''ein, | Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, swe, dyi, føː, fiːf, θeː, θə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, saʊŋ/ | ||
''Cl'' = /Cw/? | ''Cl'' = /Cw/? | ||
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''r'' = /j/; ''cr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''c, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/ | ''r'' = /j/; ''cr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''c, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/ | ||
''s'' = /θ/; '' | ''s'' = /θ/; ''z'' = /s/; ''sch'' = /sʰ/ | ||
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/ | ''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/ | ||
*'' | *''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate | ||
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun'' = /o~oʊ/ | ''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun'' = /o~oʊ/ | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
Some sentences: | Some sentences: | ||
*''Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de | *''Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz.'' [əh p˭jɛh fu də løb un də has] | ||
*''Ist' | *''Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ?'' [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi] | ||
*''Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung.'' [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju θiŋ iŋwijuŋ] | *''Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung.'' [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju θiŋ iŋwijuŋ] | ||
*'' | *''Ez git an mir Hunger.'' [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi] | ||
*'' | *''Hwaz ist'z daz ez ?'' [w̥az itaz əs] "What is it?" | ||
Sound changes: | Sound changes: | ||
*"pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening | *"pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening | ||
| Line 175: | Line 175: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Indefinite article: | Indefinite article: | ||
*''ein, | *''ein, einz, et'' /eɪŋ, eɪs, aɪʔ~ɛ.tʰ‿-/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl) | ||
*''de/d', | *''de/d', dez, deu'' /də, dəs, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.) | ||
Common nouns: ''-0/-e, -er'' | Common nouns: ''-0/-e, -er'' | ||
| Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
Neuter nouns: ''-0, -e'' | Neuter nouns: ''-0, -e'' | ||
*'' | *''dez Çind, deu Çinde'' /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child' | ||
Irregular nouns: | Irregular nouns: | ||
*'' | *''dez Name, deu Namen'' /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name' | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e'' | Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e'' | ||
| Line 203: | Line 203: | ||
*''ich mache'' /əx max/ | *''ich mache'' /əx max/ | ||
*''du maches'' /du max/ | *''du maches'' /du max/ | ||
*''der/deu/ | *''der/deu/ez machet'' /deː max/ | ||
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/ | *''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/ | ||
*''irl machet'' /il max/ | *''irl machet'' /il max/ | ||
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*''ich ha gemacht'' /əx hagəmax/ | *''ich ha gemacht'' /əx hagəmax/ | ||
*''du has gemacht'' /du hak˭əmax/ | *''du has gemacht'' /du hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''der/deu/ | *''der/deu/ez hat gemacht'' /deː hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''wir hans gemacht'' /weː hɔŋəmax/ | *''wir hans gemacht'' /weː hɔŋəmax/ | ||
*''irl hat gemacht'' /il hak˭əmax/ | *''irl hat gemacht'' /il hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''deul hant gemacht'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/ | *''deul hant gemacht'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/ | ||
Question marker: ''ist' | Question marker: ''ist'z daz'' = /it˭as/ | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
The personal pronouns are as follows: | The personal pronouns are as follows: | ||
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| ''ich''<br/>/əx/ || ''du''<br/>/du/ || ''her''<br/>/he/ || ''heu''<br/>/hy/ | | ''ich''<br/>/əx/ || ''du''<br/>/du/ || ''her''<br/>/he/ || ''heu''<br/>/hy/ | ||
|rowspan="2"| ''en''<br/>/iŋ, əŋ/ | |rowspan="2"| ''en''<br/>/iŋ, əŋ/ | ||
|rowspan="2"| '' | |rowspan="2"| ''ez''<br/>/is, əs/ || ''wir''<br/>/wi/ || ''irl''<br/>/il/ || ''deul''<br/>/dyl/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! obj. | ! obj. | ||
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''mîn, dîn, sîn'' are inflected as follows: | ''mîn, dîn, sîn'' are inflected as follows: | ||
*sg. common ''mîn'' /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter '' | *sg. common ''mîn'' /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter ''mînz'' /mis~mi.z‿-/, pl. ''mîne'' /min/ | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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The negative particle ''neau'' /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective: | The negative particle ''neau'' /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective: | ||
*''Ich | *''Ich haze dir neau.'' /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you." | ||
*'' | *''Ez neau grauz genoug.'' /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough." | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Revision as of 16:39, 4 November 2016
Wortebouch (Lexicon)
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch/Swadesh list
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch (d'allemañische sprâçe /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/) is a West Germanic language spoken in Lõis's Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
Numbers: ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên /eɪ̯ŋ, swe, dyi, føː, fiːf, θeː, θə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, saʊŋ/
Cl = /Cw/?
r = /j/; cr, gr = /tɕ, dʑ/; c, g, ch + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ch = /x/
s = /θ/; z = /s/; sch = /sʰ/
(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
- dez Hlauz /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
a = /a/, â = /aʊ/, âr = /aɪ/, au, aun = /o~oʊ/
e = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ê = /aɪ/, eau, eaun = /ø/
eu = /y/
é, en, én = /e~eɪ/
i = /ə/
î, in = /i/
u, un, an = /ɔ/
û = /u/
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
Todo
Some sentences:
- Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz. [əh p˭jɛh fu də løb un də has]
- Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ? [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
- Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung. [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju θiŋ iŋwijuŋ]
- Ez git an mir Hunger. [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
- Hwaz ist'z daz ez ? [w̥az itaz əs] "What is it?"
Sound changes:
- "pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening
Some words:
- de Deaumout /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility
- de Hnaccen /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
- nein /neɪŋ/ = no; neau /nø/ = not
- denken /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
- de Stein /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
- de Schlange /l̥aŋ/ = snake
- de Himel /hi.məl/ = sky
- de Eauigkeit /ø.ji.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
- driñ /dji/ = in (preposition)
Phonology
Unusually for an L-European language, Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written ⟨sch⟩).
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /n̊/ | ||||
| voiced | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||
| Stop | aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /tɕʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ʔ/ | |
| voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /d͡ʑ/ | /g/ | |||
| tense | /p˭/ | /t˭/ | /tɕ˭/ | [k˭] | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | |
| voiced | /v/ | [ð] | /z/ | ||||
| aspirated | /sʰ/ | ||||||
| Approximant | voiceless | /w̥/ | /l̥/ | ||||
| voiced | /w/ | /l/ | /j/ | ||||
- /h/ may be written as either ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ch⟩; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.
Vowels
vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.
The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:
- diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
- monophthongs otherwise?
The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.
It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Liaison
Alternations upon suffixation
Morphology
Nouns
Indefinite article:
- ein, einz, et /eɪŋ, eɪs, aɪʔ~ɛ.tʰ‿-/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl)
- de/d', dez, deu /də, dəs, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)
Common nouns: -0/-e, -er
- de Frau, deu Frauer /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
- de Hrabe, deu Hraber /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'
Neuter nouns: -0, -e
- dez Çind, deu Çinde /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'
Irregular nouns:
- dez Name, deu Namen /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'
Adjectives
Adjectives: predicative -0, attributive -e
- Her starc. /he t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' (cf. AAVE He strong.)
- ein starce Mañ /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
Verbs
Infinitive:
- machen /maxu/
Imperative:
- 2sg: mache /max/
- 2pl: machet /max/
Present tense:
- ich mache /əx max/
- du maches /du max/
- der/deu/ez machet /deː max/
- wir machons /wiː maxu/
- irl machet /il max/
- deul machent /dyl max/
Past tense:
- ich ha gemacht /əx hagəmax/
- du has gemacht /du hak˭əmax/
- der/deu/ez hat gemacht /deː hak˭əmax/
- wir hans gemacht /weː hɔŋəmax/
- irl hat gemacht /il hak˭əmax/
- deul hant gemacht /dyl hɔŋəmax/
Question marker: ist'z daz = /it˭as/
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are as follows:
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'he' | 'she' | 'it' (c.) | 'it' (n.) | ||||||
| nom. | ich /əx/ |
du /du/ |
her /he/ |
heu /hy/ |
en /iŋ, əŋ/ |
ez /is, əs/ |
wir /wi/ |
irl /il/ |
deul /dyl/ |
| obj. | mir /mi/ |
dir /di/ |
him /hiŋ/ |
hir /hi/ |
uns /u/ |
euch /yx/ |
deim /deɪŋ/ | ||
| poss. | mîn /miŋ/ |
dîn /diŋ/ |
sîn /θiŋ/ |
unser /uθi/ |
eucher /yxi/ |
deier /deji, de/ | |||
mîn, dîn, sîn are inflected as follows:
- sg. common mîn /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter mînz /mis~mi.z‿-/, pl. mîne /min/
Syntax
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch is SVO and zero-copula.
Negation
The negative particle neau /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:
- Ich haze dir neau. /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
- Ez neau grauz genoug. /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."