User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Lexicon
IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Swadesh list
IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Pokédex

IlL/Spare pages 1/51
an Thíogall
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|ə ˈɬiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric IlL/Spare pages 1/51
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Thíogall /ə ˈɬiːɡəʟ/ or an ŋgáth dTíogall /ə ŋa:ɬ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; pronounced /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle" in English) is a Talmic language inspired by Irish and German. Tíogall is a pluricentric language (namely, it is an official language in two countries, the peninsular Duínidhe and the larger Neoibhir) and the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.

Todo

• Thermodynamics vocabulary:
  • hot: nua /ˈnuə/
  • cold: srabh /ˈsɾav/
  • temperature:
  • heat: nói /ˈnøː/ (f.)
  • thermodynamics: nóidúbha /ˈnøːˌdʉːvə/ (f.) [lit. heat-teaching]
  • energy: fáldoise /ˈfɑʟˌdœsə/ (f.) [lit. within-work]
  • entropy:
  • waste heat: laidhnói [ˈʁɛɮˌnøː] (f.) [lit. away-heat]
• Translate Haggadah (as exercise)
• Affixes:
  • -te/-the/-ta/tha
• aodaí /ˈɵːdiː/ - 'clothes'
• arm, arm /alm/ = 'live, life'
• gód /gɵːd/ (f) = 'body'
• slachan /sʟaxən/ (m) = 'number'
• stú /stʉː/ (m) 'fire'
• meirt, meirte /mɪlt, ˈmɪltə/ = 'descend'
• ŋaoidh, ŋaoise /ŋøːɮ, ŋøːsə/ = 'dig'
• óc /ɵːk/ (m) = 'rock'
• eo /ɵː/ = 'white'
• seolach /ˈsɔʟəx/ (m) = law (~ Nurian fiuolācuh 'country'); seolacht = 'legal'
• anois /əˈnœs/ = 'now'
• cua /kuə/ = 'because'
• cré /kɾeː/ (f) = 'day'
• bith, bith /bɪɬ/ = 'learn'
• dubh, dubhach /dʊv, ˈdʊvəx/ = 'teach'
• bris, briseach /bɾɪs, ˈbrɪsəx/ = 'speak'
• lós /ʟɵːs/ = 'red'
• raech /ɾeːx/ = 'yellow'
• beas /bɛs/ = 'green'
• íon /iːn/ = 'blue'
• ŋlaidh /ŋʟɛɮ/ (f) = 'page'
• arŋadh, arŋas /ˈalnəɬ, ˈalnəs/ = 'to achieve'
• stann, stanna /staːn, ˈstaːnə/ = 'to assemble' (~ Stánsa)
• sŋaoi, sŋaoi /sŋøː/ = 'to be born'
• teachrós /tɛxˈɾɵːs/ (m) = 'earthquake'
• éint, éinteach /iːnt, ˈiːntəx/ = 'to throw'
• scainn /skɛn/ (m) = 'friend'
• sciodh /ʃtʃɪɮ/ (m) = 'set' (mathematics)
• tluchar /ˈtʟʊxəl/ (f) = 'fear'
• ŋull /ŋʊʟ/ (m) = 'male animal; masculine noun'
• dé /deː/ (f) = 'female animal; feminine noun'
• ceoir /tʃɵːl/ (f) = 'bag'
• ceall /tʃɑʟ/ = 'small'
• scaebh, scaebhach /skeːv, ˈskeːvəx/ = 'cry'
• lioŋ /ʟɪŋ/ (m) = 'bug'
• suinm, suinmeach /sʏnəm, ˈsʏnməx/ = 'to tune'

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view its (transliterated) spelling in the native orthography.

Symbols

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition/aspiration
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^B - b-prefixation

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

Like other modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51, such as the Thensarian letters y, θ, δ; the letters j and v are not used except in loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c) (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The native spelling also uses ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩.

Sound changes

Thensarian to Old Tíogall

Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh

Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr

Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú

In stressed syllables: a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eo iú oí uí >

• before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío
• before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí

Unstressed vowels reduce to a

Harmonization: a > e (when final) or i after i in the previous syllable

Sometimes:

• éa, ó, ói > ia, ua, uai

Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall

• aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
• prenasalized stops coalesce
• /k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
• Vowel simplifications:
  • i(o) > /ɪ/; í(o) oí(o) uí(o) > /iː/
  • eá(i) eó(i) iú(i) merge into á(i) ó(i) ú(i), preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
• Further monophthongization
  • ea > /ɛ/
  • ae ao > /eː oː/
  • ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
• Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
• a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
• unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
• voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
• /ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
• /oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/
• /l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
• /θ ð/ > /ɬ ɮ/
• Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/

Phonology

Étaoin (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.

The following describes Tíogall as spoken in Smeola, the capital of Duínidhe which is often considered the "Duínidhe accent".

Stress

Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ~ɴ
Stop	fortis	p	t	tʃ	k~q		(ʔ)
	lenis	b	d	dʒ	g~ɢ
Spirant	unvoiced	f	ɬ		x
	voiced	v	ɮ		ɣ
Non-spirant	unvoiced		s	ʃ			h
	voiced		z
Liquid			ɾ~ɺ~l			ʁ~ʟ
Approximant		w		j

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
• Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops.
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /n, t, d, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually alveolar [n, t, d, ɬ, ɮ], but can be dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, ɬ̪, ɮ̪] as well.
• /s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
• The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
  • After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
  • Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠] or [ɺ̠].
  • Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
• /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
• The uvular liquid /ɢ̆~ʟ/:
  • The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
  • The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. This allophone will be transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience.
  • In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
• After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short. (Unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

Fortis and lenis resonants

Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:

• /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
• /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
• /n/ > /ð̞̃/
• /N/ > /n/
• /r/ > /ɹ/
• /R/ > /ɾ/

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s*	z	r	ŋ	c	g	l	h	0
IPA	/m/	/p/	/b/	/f/	/n/	/t/	/d/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ~l/	/ŋ/	/k/, /tʃ/	/g/, /dʒ/	/ʟ/	/h/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-	-	h-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	/h/	-	/ɬ/	/ɮ/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/, /ʃ/	/ɣ/, /j/	-	-	/h/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	-	-	gc	ŋg	-	-	n-
IPA	-	/b/	/m/	/v/	-	/d/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/g/, /dʒ/	/ŋ/	-	-	/n/

^*The clusters sp, st, sc do not mutate.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short
Close	/ɪ/	/iː/	/ʏ/	/yː/		/ʉː/		/ʊ/
Mid	/ɛ/	/eː/	/œ/	/øː/	[ə]	/ɵː/	[ɤˁ]	/ɔ/
Open					/a/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw eːj eːw øːj øːw iəw yəw uəj/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.

A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written h in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).

L-colored vowels

L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):

• /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
• /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
• /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
• /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
• /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
• /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
• /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
• /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
• /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
• /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
• /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/

Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-colored vowels display no secondary articulation.

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
• /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
• /iɤˁ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
• /yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] (listen).
• /yɤˁ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʏɤˁ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
• /eɤˁ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /øɤˁ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
• /ɛɤˁ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /œɤˁ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] (listen).
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
  • If a sonorant /m, n, ŋ, l/ follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen).
• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
• /ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots:

• bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc (sp) st sgl sgr sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr

Some phonological rules

• unstressed -ewe- > -ú- /ʉː/
• /ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/

Dialectology

Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

Scádar accent

This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/, English: /ˈoʊkoʊ/) metropolitan area in Neoibhir.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
• /Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
• r = [l] in all positions
• /ɬ, ɮ/ = [tɬʰ, dɮ] when not before a plosive
• No Auslautverhärtung at all (except -ig and -igh)
  • Word-final -ig and -igh pronounced as [-ɪç].
• /ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
• /ɛj/ > [aj]

Cnólta accent

Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnólta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duínidhe. Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
  • /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃]
• /ɬ, ɮ/ = [tɬʰ, dɮ] when not before a plosive
• /tʃ, dʒ/ = [ts~tɕ, dz~dʑ]
• /eː, øː/ = [eə, øə]
• /eːj, øːj, ɛj, œj/ = [eː, øː, ɛː, œː]
• r is pronounced as a bunched [ɹ], which retracts preceding front vowels /ɪ, ɛ/ to /ɨ, ɜ/.
• /ʉː, ɵː, aw/ = [ʉu, ɵu, æu]
• /aː/ = [ɛa]
• /sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sŋ, sʟ, sɾ/ = [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk, ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃʁ, ʃɹ]

Códha accent

Códha (/ˈkɵːɮə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duínidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
  • /iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
  • /yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
  • /ʊʟ/ = [uː]
  • /eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
  • /ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
  • /øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
  • /œʟ/ = [œɔ]
  • /ɔʟ/ = [oː]
  • /aʟ/ = [ɒː]
• r = [l] in all positions
• (other features)

Tumaca accent

Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duínidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tíogall")

• /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
• /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
• /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, ɻ].
• th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
• /ʉ, ɵ/ are fully back [uː, oː].

Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent

non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha

Éise accent

Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:

• /ɪ i ʏ y ʉ ʊ/
• /ɛ e œ ø ə ɵ ɔ/
• /ɐ a/
• /iə yə uə aw æj œj ej øj/
• /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are classed into two genders (reistir) and are inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).

Adjectives

Degree

The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -anna /-ənə/. The comparandum is marked with the particle rá /ɾaː/ 'than'.

The superlative is formed with the suffix -acht /-əxt/.

Pronouns

Personal

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns

	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
Independent	ná	fiar	hú	hí	gámh	géid	séid	hár
Dependent	dhá	iar	ú	í	ámh	céir	héir	ár

To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -na/-ne is added to the pronoun.

Other

• tá = what?
• tuabh = who?
• tach = where?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

mo^L, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).

The sequence le + an contracts to lean /ʟən/.

Inflection of prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
chaoi 'before'	chaoin	chaois	chao	chaoi	chaoim	chaoid	chaoic	chaoir
de-L, d'- 'in, at'	dian	dias	diú	dí	diam	diad	diac	diar
dri-N 'on'	drion	dris	drú	drí	drim	drid	dric	drir
geil 'from'	geilin	geilis	gealu	geili	geilim	geilid	geilic	geilir
go-L 'with'	guan	góis	gú	gúi	guam	guad	guac	guar
le 'to'	lion	leis	leo	léi	liom	liod	lioc	lior
na 'with (instrumental)'	nain	nais	naoi	naí	naim	naid	naic	naer
ro (ergative)	rúinn	rúis	rú	rúi	rúm	rúd	rúc	rúr

Dli can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:

Dlien k:chéseredh a k:chésen.

[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəɬ ə ˈçeːsn̩]

on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food

I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Addition of the b-prefix

Certain verb forms undergo the morphophonological process of b-prefixation, which stems from the Thensarian 3rd person singular object prefix bi-. The b-prefix is not added to analytic forms (since those come from participles), impersonal forms, or imperatives.

For unprefixed verbs, the b-prefix is added by lenition of the stem's initial consonant. If the result of lenition begins with a vowel, then b'- is added.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the b-prefix works as follows:

• For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
• For other prefixes, the mutation that would otherwise be induced by the prefix is blocked.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. The participle affix -adh is deleted after verb stems ending in -th or -dh: míodh hú < *míodadh hú 'he gives'.

Template:Col-3

Present tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	BSTEM-an	BSTEM-ú
1.in	-	STEM-adh géid BSTEM-ad (poetic)
2	BSTEM-ar	STEM-adh séid BSTEM-as (poetic)
3.m	STEM-adh hú/hí	STEM-adh hár
Impersonal	STEM-(a)1ra

Present tense of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mholan	mholú
1.in	-	moladh géid mholad (poetic)
2	mholar	moladh séid mholas (poetic)
3.m	moladh hú/hí	moladh hár
Impersonal	molra

Present tense of the verb ididh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	b'idin	b'idú
1.in	-	ididh éid b'idid (poetic)
2	b'idel	ididh zéid b'ideasc (poetic)
3.m	ididh hú ididh hí	ididh hár
Impersonal	idire

¹ The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

Imperfect tense

To form the imperfect tense, the particle gré is used before the verb, -e is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.

• gré more ná 'I used to thank'
• gré :ngide hí 'she used to lie'

Preterite tense

The preterite is considered archaic in Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects.

Perfect tense

The suffix ⁱ-ín is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Késín ruk lýn.

I ate/have eaten a fruit.

Pluperfect tense

gró + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

• gró mørín ná 'I had thanked'
• gró idín hí 'she had lain'

Future tense

Template:Col-3

Future tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	STEM-tedh ná BSTEM-ten (poetic)	STEM-tú
1.in	-	STEM-tedh géd BSTEM-ted (poetic)
2	BSTEM-tel	STEM-tedh zéd BSTEM-tesk (poetic)
3.m	STEM-tedh ngú/hí	STEM-tedh hár
Impersonal	STEM-ert

Future tense of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mołtedh ná m:wołten (poetic)	m:wołtú
1.in	-	mołtedh éd m:wołted (poetic)
2	m:wołtel	mołtedh zéid m:wołtesk (poetic)
3.m	mołtedh ngú/hí	mołtedh hál
Impersonal	morelt

Future tense of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	idetedh ná b'ideten (poetic)	b'idetú
1.in	-	idetedh géid b'ideted (poetic)
2	b'idetel	idetedh zéid b'idetesk (poetic)
3.m	idetedh ngú idetedh hí	idetedh hál
Impersonal	idelt

The future marker t is lenited to th after c and p.

Future perfect tense

fácht + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

Imperative

Template:Col-3

Imperative
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	STEM-ed!
2	STEM!	STEM-esk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	mored!
2	moł!	moresk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	ided!
2	id!	idesk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Verbal noun

The verbal noun serves many important syntactic functions.

Some markers for verbal nouns:

• -ill
• -as/-is?
• -ach/-ich
• -ta/-te?
• ablaut
• bare stem
• umlaut/-e

Numbers

• 1: ciamh /tʃiəw/
• 2: tiothar /tiɬəl/
• 3: náidh /neːɮ/
• 4: daoibh /døːv/
• 5: soilidh /sœʀəɬ/
• 6: stámh /staːw/
• 7: ruaidh /ɾyəɮ/
• 8: loiridh /ʀœləɬ/
• 9: bairbh /bɛlv/
• 10: heor /hɵːl/
• 11: eáichimh /eːʃəw/
• 12: cnae /kneː/

Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers kiew and stáw come after the noun, while other numbers come before it.

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

• -e (f): nominalizer
• -abh/-ibh: diminutive
• -ach/-each: verbal noun (the most common suffix)
• -á: adjectivizer
• -all/-eall: adjectivizer
• -ill (m.): nominalizer

Syntax

Main article: Tíogall/Syntax

Phrasebook

• An Saichte leis! (to one person)/An Saichte leac! (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the gods [collective] be with you")
• Moile! = Thank you!
• Le h-éganta! = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
• Feilin [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
• Stánsa boire leis! = Happy Stannsa!
• Sŋaoichré bhoire leis! = Happy birthday!
• Bithir huiŋeán lion. = Nice to meet you.
• B'aeillin iar. = I love you.

Sample texts

The North Wind and the Sun

Phonetic version

An b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd

Kiewlách gré an b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní, t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú. Ieliedhín tytheln ní, ngamew édhene zufín ho ré ngú an b:ván li k:grynteteth sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Anøs ngolín an b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu. Di hél an t:dánev, síł-wárín an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Anøs sásefín fýne lu an :ngúd, al k:chéhest delvín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anást fáchín frénín an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, ní an :ngúd hí an b:ván :hédhene.

Orthographic version

A bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd

Ciamhrách g'laí an bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd d'usgach go nar dri ní thóbh gilar aédhanna, án nuaidhín zothróiŋ de reía d'zhíor go h-eisbel bhfúnn drú. Éréidhín tiotharann ní ŋamamh aédhanna zufín sho laí ŋú an bhánn ri gcluintetadh sú heíon, s'an zhothróiŋ sho reá, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Anois ŋorrín an bhólcoln go thán ri g'laí conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laí ŋorra ŋú, aón ar-sŋúichdín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ dri ŋlúdhu. Di fhaír an dtánabh, síl-bhfáilín an bhólcoln gil an snóisel. Anois sásaín fúinne ru an ŋ-úd, ar cheíesd dearbhín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ. Ar anásd fáchín fléinín an bhólcoln sho ghorgéach, ní an ŋ-úd hí an bhánn h-aédhanna.

Gloss

Kiewlách gré a b:vuołkołn al a :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú.
[ˈcʰiəwl̠äːx qʷˁeː ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn əl̠ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ˈtʊs̠kəx kə ˈnal̠ə dɾɪ niː ˈɬɵ̠ːv ˈɡɪʁᵝəl̠ ˈeːɮənə̟ ǀ äːn ˈnyəɮiːn ˈz̠ɔɬl̠øːŋ də ˈl̠eːə ˈdyːl̠ ɡə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈwʉ̠ːn dɾʉ̠ː]
kiewlách gré-N a-L buołkołn al a-N úd de-L uskech go-L nale dli ní-L tuov gir-el édh-ene, án-L nyødh-ín zothl-ǿng de-L léhe de-L zýl go-L espeł N-fún dl-ú
one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG
Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.

Ieliedhín tythlen ní ngamew édhene zuspín ho ré ngú a b:ván li k:gryntetedh sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech.
[ˈʔiəl̠iəɮiːn ˈtʰʏɬl̠ən niː ˈŋɐməw ˈeːɮənə ˈʐʊs̠piːn hɔ̽ ʁeː ŋʉ̠ː ə väːn l̠ɪ ɢʷˁʏntʰətʰəɬ s̠ʉ̠ː høːn ǀ s̠ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ hɔ̽ ˈl̠äː ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ hɔ̽ ˈɮɛl̠vəx]
ie-liedh-ín tythel-en ní-L ngamew édhene zusp-ín ho-L ré ngú a-L bán li-N k:grynt-et-edh s-ú hǿn so-L an-L z:othlǿng ho-L lá, a-L espeł liz-u ho-L delv-ech
together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN
The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.

Úle ngolín a b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈŋɔl̠iːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gə ˈɬäːn lɪ qʷˁeː ˈkʰɔnl̠əɬʊ ǀ ʔɐx ˈŋɔl̠əx əl̠ qʷˁeː ˈŋɔl̠ə ŋʉ̠ː ǀ ˈɵːn ˈɐl̠s̠ɲyːxtiːn ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ ə dɾɪ ˈŋʊᵝˁɮʊ]
Úle ngol-ín a buołkłn go-L tán li-N gré conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al gré ngol-e ngú ón al-sngýcht-ín a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngúłdh-u
now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M
Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.

De f:hél a t:dánev, síł-wárín a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł.
[tɛ ˈheːl̠ ə däːnəv ˈsiːɤᵝˁwɑːʁᵝiːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gɪɤᵝˁ ə ˈʂnøːs̠ɤᵝˁ]
de-L fél a-N tánev síł-wár-ín a-L buołkołn gił a-L snǿs-eł
LOC bottom DEF lamp give_up-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind from DEF.SG.N continue-VN
Realizing that continuing would be futile, the north wind gave up continuing.

Úle sásefín fýne lu a :ngúd, al k:chéhest delvín a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈs̠äːs̠əfiːn ˈfyːnə l̠ʊ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ǀ əl̠ ˈçeːəst tɛl̠viːn ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈl̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ]
úle sásef-ín fýne lu a-N úd al L-céhest delv-ín a-L hespeł liz-u lu an-L zothlǿng
now shine-PST.PART warmth ERG DEF.F.SG sun, and ADV-immediate take_off-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak ERG DEF.M.SG traveler
Now the sun shined out warmth, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.

Al anást fách frénín a b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgéhech, ní a :ngúd hí a b:ván :hédhene.
[əl̠ əˈnäːs̠t fäːx ˈfʁᵝeːniːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn hɔ̽ ˈɣɔl̠geːəx ǀ niː ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt hiː ə väːn ˈheːɮənə̟]
al anást fách frén-ín a-L buołkołn ho-L golgie-ech ní a-N úd hí a-L bán L-édh-ene
and thus be.PRET obligate-PST.PART DEF.M.SG TO_INFINITIVE confess.VN, COMP DEF.F.SG 3SG.F.INDEP DEF.M.SG one DEF.M.SG-strong-CMPV
And thus the north wind was obliged to admit that the sun was the stronger one.