'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an ŋgáth dTíogall'' /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish and German. Tíogall is a pluricentric language with a high degree of dialect diversity (namely, it is an official language in two countries, the peninsular [[Verse:Duínidhe|Duínidhe]] with more dialect diversity and the larger [[Verse:Neoibhir|Neoibhir]] with less dialect diversity). With 125 million speakers it's the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. {{PAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''an Tìogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an ŋgàth dTìogall'' /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish and German. Tìogall is a pluricentric language with a high degree of dialect diversity (namely, it is an official language in two countries, the peninsular [[Verse:Duìnidhe|Duìnidhe]] with more dialect diversity and the larger [[Verse:Neoibhir|Neoibhir]] with less dialect diversity). With 125 million speakers it's the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. {{PAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.
*Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
*Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
*a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
*a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
Line 96:
Line 96:
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
''Étaoin'' (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
''ètaoin'' (Standard) Tìogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tìogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tìogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
The following describes Tíogall as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
The following describes Tìogall as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duìnidhe which is often called the "Duìnidhe accent".
===Stress===
===Stress===
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
Line 307:
Line 307:
====''L''-colored vowels====
====''L''-colored vowels====
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tìogall):
* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
Line 325:
Line 325:
====Notes====
====Notes====
=====Close vowels=====
=====Close vowels=====
*/iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] ([[Media:Tigall_í.ogg|listen]]).
*/iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] ([[Media:Tigall_ì.ogg|listen]]).
*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_é.ogg|listen]]).
*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_è.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_íl.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_ìl.ogg|listen]]).
*/yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_úi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ùi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media:Tigall_ói.ogg|listen]]).
*/yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media:Tigall_òi.ogg|listen]]).
*/yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_úil.ogg|listen]]).
*/yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_ùil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ù.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ò.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
*/ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] ([[Media:Tigall_ul.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] ([[Media:Tigall_ul.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
Line 341:
Line 341:
=====Mid vowels=====
=====Mid vowels=====
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aé.ogg|listen]]).
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aè.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aél.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aèl.ogg|listen]]).
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aói.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aòi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aóil.ogg|listen]]).
*/øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aòil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aò.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
Line 358:
Line 358:
=====Open vowels=====
=====Open vowels=====
*/aː/ is central unrounded [äː] ([[Media:Tigall_á.ogg|listen]]).
*/aː/ is central unrounded [äː] ([[Media:Tigall_à.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media:Tigall_a.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media:Tigall_a.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_ál.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_àl.ogg|listen]]).
====Umlaut====
====Umlaut====
Line 370:
Line 370:
===Some phonological rules===
===Some phonological rules===
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ú-'' /ʉː/
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ù-'' /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.
Tìogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.
===Smeola accent===
===Smeola accent===
Described in the "Phonology" section.
Described in the "Phonology" section.
===Scádar accent===
===Scàdar accent===
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊkoʊ/) metropolitan area in Neoibhir.
This dialect is most prominent in and around the òc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊkoʊ/) metropolitan area in Neoibhir.
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
Line 389:
Line 389:
*/ɛj/ > [aj]
*/ɛj/ > [aj]
===Cnólta accent===
===Cnòlta accent===
Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnólta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duínidhe.
Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnòlta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duìnidhe.
Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.
Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
Códha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duínidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.
Còdha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duìnidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
Line 419:
Line 419:
===Tumaca accent===
===Tumaca accent===
Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duínidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tíogall")
Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duìnidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tìogall")
*/b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
*/b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
Line 427:
Line 427:
===Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent===
===Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent===
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Còdha
===Éise accent===
===èise accent===
Éise (/ˈiːsə/) - Neoibhir
èise (/ˈiːsə/) - Neoibhir
Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:
Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:
Line 441:
Line 441:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhéán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are aksi inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullàn'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhèàn'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are aksi inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
Line 495:
Line 495:
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
====Degree====
====Degree====
The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix ''-anna'' /-ənə/. The comparandum is marked with the particle ''rá'' /ɾaː/ 'than'.
The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix ''-anna'' /-ənə/. The comparandum is marked with the particle ''rà'' /ɾaː/ 'than'.
The superlative is formed with the suffix ''-acht'' /-əxt/.
The superlative is formed with the suffix ''-acht'' /-əxt/.
''Dli'' can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:
''Dli'' can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:
:'''''Dlien k:chéseredh a k:chésen.'''''
:'''''Dlien k:chèseredh a k:chèsen.'''''
:[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəθ ə ˈçeːsn̩]
:[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəθ ə ˈçeːsn̩]
:on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food
:on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food
Line 568:
Line 568:
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
[[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish.<!-- for example:
[[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish.<!-- for example:
*Thn. ''molynis'' 'I thank' > OTig ''molain'' (prototonic); Thn. ''tir molyn'' 'I do not thank' > OTig ''tí·mlu'' (deuterotonic)
*Thn. ''molynis'' 'I thank' > OTig ''molain'' (prototonic); Thn. ''tir molyn'' 'I do not thank' > OTig ''tì·mlu'' (deuterotonic)
*Cf. Thn. ''armolynis'' 'I pursue' > '' ar·mluin'' (deuterotonic); Thn. ''tir armolyn'' 'I do not pursue' > OTig ''tír·mol'' (prototonic)
*Cf. Thn. ''armolynis'' 'I pursue' > '' ar·mluin'' (deuterotonic); Thn. ''tir armolyn'' 'I do not pursue' > OTig ''tìr·mol'' (prototonic)
*Thn. ''duptymis'' 'he builds' > OTig ''duchdaimh'' Thn. ''tir duptym'' 'he does not build' > OTig ''tý·dchtumh'' (The negative particle undergoes u-umlaut here!)
*Thn. ''duptymis'' 'he builds' > OTig ''duchdaimh'' Thn. ''tir duptym'' 'he does not build' > OTig ''tý·dchtumh'' (The negative particle undergoes u-umlaut here!)
--> Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.
--> Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.
Line 584:
Line 584:
====Present tense====
====Present tense====
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. The participle affix ''-adh'' is deleted after verb stems ending in ''-th'' or ''-dh'': ''míodh hú'' < {{recon|''míodadh hú''}} 'he gives'.
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. The participle affix ''-adh'' is deleted after verb stems ending in ''-th'' or ''-dh'': ''mìodh hù'' < {{recon|''mìodadh hù''}} 'he gives'.
To form the imperfect tense, the particle {{abbtip|[qʷˁeː]|''gré''}} is used before the verb, ''-e'' is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.
To form the imperfect tense, the particle {{abbtip|[qʷˁeː]|''grè''}} is used before the verb, ''-e'' is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.
*''gré more ná'' 'I used to thank'
*''grè more nà'' 'I used to thank'
*''gré :ngide hí'' 'she used to lie'
*''grè :ngide hì'' 'she used to lie'
====Preterite tense====
====Preterite tense====
Line 683:
Line 683:
====Perfect tense====
====Perfect tense====
The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ín'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin {{PAGENAME}}.
The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ìn'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ètaoin {{PAGENAME}}.
:'''''Késín ruk lýn.'''''
:'''''Kèsìn ruk lýn.'''''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''
====Pluperfect tense====
====Pluperfect tense====
''gró'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
''grò'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
*{{abbtip|/ˈbɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|''Bithir huiŋeán lion.''}} = Nice to meet you.
*{{abbtip|/ˈbɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|''Bithir huiŋeàn lion.''}} = Nice to meet you.
*{{abbtip|/ˈbeːʟən iəl/|''B'aeillin iar.''}} = I love you.
*{{abbtip|/ˈbeːʟən iəl/|''B'aeillin iar.''}} = I love you.
Line 927:
Line 927:
===The North Wind and the Sun===
===The North Wind and the Sun===
====Phonetic version====
====Phonetic version====
'''''An b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd'''''
'''''An b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd'''''
''Kiewlách gré an b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní, t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú. Ieliedhín tytheln ní, ngamew édhene zufín ho ré ngú an b:ván li k:grynteteth sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Anøs ngolín an b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu. Di hél an t:dánev, síł-wárín an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Anøs sásefín fýne lu an :ngúd, al k:chéhest delvín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anást fáchín frénín an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, ní an :ngúd hí an b:ván :hédhene.''
''Kiewlàch grè an b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì, t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù. Ieliedhìn tytheln nì, ngamew èdhene zufìn ho rè ngù an b:vàn li k:grynteteth sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Anøs ngolìn an b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu. Di hèl an t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Anøs sàsefìn fýne lu an :ngùd, al k:chèhest delvìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anàst fàchìn frènìn an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, nì an :ngùd hì an b:vàn :hèdhene.''
====Orthographic version====
====Orthographic version====
'''''A bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd'''''
'''''A bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd'''''
''Ciamhrách g'laí an bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd d'usgach go nar dri ní thóbh gilar aédhanna, án nuaidhín zothróiŋ de reía d'zhíor go h-eisbel bhfúnn drú. Éréidhín tiotharann ní ŋamamh aédhanna zufín sho laí ŋú an bhánn ri gcluintetadh sú heíon, s'an zhothróiŋ sho reá, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Anois ŋorrín an bhólcoln go thán ri g'laí conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laí ŋorra ŋú, aón ar-sŋúichdín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ dri ŋlúdhu. Di fhaír an dtánabh, síl-bhfáilín an bhólcoln gil an snóisel. Anois sásaín fúinne ru an ŋ-úd, ar cheíesd dearbhín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ. Ar anásd fáchín fléinín an bhólcoln sho ghorgéach, ní an ŋ-úd hí an bhánn h-aédhanna.''
''Ciamhràch g'laì an bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd d'usgach go nar dri nì thòbh gilar aèdhanna, àn nuaidhìn zothròiŋ de reìa d'zhìor go h-eisbel bhfùnn drù. èrèidhìn tiotharann nì ŋamamh aèdhanna zufìn sho laì ŋù an bhànn ri gcluintetadh sù heìon, s'an zhothròiŋ sho reà, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Anois ŋorrìn an bhòlcoln go thàn ri g'laì conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laì ŋorra ŋù, aòn ar-sŋùichdìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ dri ŋlùdhu. Di fhaìr an dtànabh, sìl-bhfàilìn an bhòlcoln gil an snòisel. Anois sàsaìn fùinne ru an ŋ-ùd, ar cheìesd dearbhìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ. Ar anàsd fàchìn flèinìn an bhòlcoln sho ghorgèach, nì an ŋ-ùd hì an bhànn h-aèdhanna.''
====Gloss====
====Gloss====
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Kiewlách gré a b:vuołkołn al a :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú.
|phrase = Kiewlàch grè a b:vuołkołn al a :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù.
| gloss = one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG
| gloss = one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG
| translation = Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.
| translation = Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.
Line 948:
Line 948:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ieliedhín tythlen ní ngamew édhene zuspín ho ré ngú a b:ván li k:gryntetedh sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech.
|phrase = Ieliedhìn tythlen nì ngamew èdhene zuspìn ho rè ngù a b:vàn li k:gryntetedh sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech.
| gloss = together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN
| gloss = together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN
| translation = The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.
| translation = The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.
Line 958:
Line 958:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Úle ngolín a b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu.
|phrase = ùle ngolìn a b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu.
| morphemes = Úle ngol-ín a buołkłn go-L tán li-N gré conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al gré ngol-e ngú ón al-sngýcht-ín a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngúłdh-u
| morphemes = ùle ngol-ìn a buołkłn go-L tàn li-N grè conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al grè ngol-e ngù òn al-sngýcht-ìn a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngùłdh-u
| gloss = now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M
| gloss = now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M
| translation = Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.
| translation = Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.
Line 968:
Line 968:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = De f:hél a t:dánev, síł-wárín a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł.
|phrase = De f:hèl a t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł.
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Tìogall /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or an ŋgàth dTìogall /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a Talmic language inspired by Irish and German. Tìogall is a pluricentric language with a high degree of dialect diversity (namely, it is an official language in two countries, the peninsular Duìnidhe with more dialect diversity and the larger Neoibhir with less dialect diversity). With 125 million speakers it's the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.
Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. The letters j /j/ and v /v/ are not used except in Netagin and other loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c) (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The native spelling also uses ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩.
Sound changes
Thensarian to Old Tìogall
Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh
Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr
Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a à è ì ò ù uì ae ao oì ea eà eò iù
In stressed syllables: a e i o u à è ì ò ù ae ao eà eo iù oì uì >
before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u à èa ìo ò ù ae ao eà eò iù oìo uìo
before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ài èi ì òi ùi aei aoi eài eòi iùi oì uì
Unstressed vowels reduce to a
Harmonization: a > e (when final) or i after i in the previous syllable
Sometimes:
èa, ò, òi > ia, ua, uai
Old Tìogall to Modern Tìogall
aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
prenasalized stops coalesce
/k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
Vowel simplifications:
i(o) > /ɪ/; ì(o) oì(o) uì(o) > /iː/
eà(i) eò(i) iù(i) merge into à(i) ò(i) ù(i), preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
Further monophthongization
ea > /ɛ/
ae ao > /eː oː/
ai ài ei èi oi òi ui ùi aei aoi uai > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
/ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
/oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/
/l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/
Phonology
ètaoin (Standard) Tìogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tìogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tìogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
The following describes Tìogall as spoken in Smeola, the capital of Duìnidhe which is often called the "Duìnidhe accent".
Stress
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
Consonants
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants
Labial
Dental/Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Glottal
Nasal
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
Stop
fortis
/p/
/t/
/k/
(ʔ)
lenis
/b/
/d/
/g/
Affricate
fortis
/ts/
/tʃ/
lenis
/dz/
/dʒ/
Spirant
unvoiced
/f/
/θ/
/x/
voiced
/v/
/ð/
/ɣ/
Sibilant
unvoiced
/s/
/ʃ/
/h/
voiced
/z/
Liquid
/ɾ~ɺ~l/
/ʁ~ʟ/
Approximant
/w/
/j/
Notes
An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
/w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
/ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
/ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
The uvular liquid /ɢ̆~ʟ/:
The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. This allophone will be transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience.
In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short. (Unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
Fortis and lenis resonants
Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
/l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
/L/ > /l̪ˠ/
/n/ > /ð̞̃/
/N/ > /n/
/r/ > /ɹ/
/R/ > /ɾ/
Mutations
Consonant mutations
Grapheme
m
p
b
f
n
t
d
s*
z
r
ŋ
c
g
l
h
0
IPA
/m/
/p/
/b/
/f/
/n/
/t/
/d/
/s/
/z/
/ɺ~l/
/ŋ/
/k/, /tʃ/
/g/, /dʒ/
/ʟ/
/h/
/ʔ/
Lenited
mh
ph
bh
fh
-
th
dh
sh
zh
-
-
ch
gh
-
-
h-
IPA
/w/
/f/
/v/
/h/
-
/θ/
/ð/
/h/
silent
-
-
/x/, /ʃ/
/ɣ/, /j/
-
-
/h/
Eclipsed
-
bp
mb
bhf
-
dt
nd
zs
-
-
-
gc
ŋg
-
-
n-
IPA
-
/b/
/m/
/v/
-
/d/
/n/
/z/
-
-
-
/g/, /dʒ/
/ŋ/
-
-
/n/
*The clusters sp, st, sc do not mutate.
Vowels
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.
A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written h in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).
L-colored vowels
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tìogall):
/iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
/ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
/yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
/ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
/ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
/eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
/ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
/øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
/œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
/ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
/ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/
Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-colored vowels display no secondary articulation.
/ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).
Umlaut
Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.
Phonotactics
Allowed initial clusters in roots:
bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) st sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr
Some phonological rules
unstressed /əwə/ > -ù- /ʉː/
/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
Dialectology
Tìogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.
Smeola accent
Described in the "Phonology" section.
Scàdar accent
This dialect is most prominent in and around the òc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊkoʊ/) metropolitan area in Neoibhir.
l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
r = [l̆] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
/θ, ð/ = [ts, dz] when not before a plosive
No Auslautverhärtung at all (except -ig and -igh)
Word-final -ig and -igh pronounced as [-ɪç].
/ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
/ɛj/ > [aj]
Cnòlta accent
Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnòlta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duìnidhe.
Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.
l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
/Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃]
/tʃ, dʒ/ = [ts~tɕ, dz~dʑ]
/eː, øː/ = [eə, øə]
/eːj, øːj, ɛj, œj/ = [eː, øː, ɛː, œː]
r is pronounced as a bunched [ɹ], which retracts preceding front vowels /ɪ, ɛ/ to /ɨ, ɜ/.
Còdha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duìnidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.
l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
/iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
/yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
/ʊʟ/ = [uː]
/eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
/ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
/øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
/œʟ/ = [œɔ]
/ɔʟ/ = [oː]
/aʟ/ = [ɒː]
r = [l] in all positions
(other features)
Tumaca accent
Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duìnidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tìogall")
/b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
/n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, ɻ].
th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
/ʉ, ɵ/ are fully back [uː, oː].
Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Còdha
èise accent
èise (/ˈiːsə/) - Neoibhir
Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:
/ɪ i ʏ y ʉ ʊ/
/ɛ e œ ø ə ɵ ɔ/
/ɐ a/
/iə yə uə aw æj œj ej øj/
/Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (reist ŋullàn /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (reist dhèàn /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are aksi inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).
scain 'friend' (masculine)
Number→ State↓
Singular
Plural
Indefinite
scain
scaine
Definite
an scain
scaineann
Construct
scain?
scainidh?
1sg possessor
ðoiron
ðoirinnən
2sg.m possessor
ðoirossi
ðoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor
ðoirossiu
ðoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor
ðoirotiu
ðoirinniu
3sg.f possessor
ðoirotī
ðoirinnī
3sg.n possessor
ðoirota
ðoirinna
1exc possessor
ðoirosmə
ðoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor
ðoiroswi
ðoirinnəswi
2pl possessor
ðoiroka
ðoirinnəka
3pl possessor
ðoirotōr
ðoirinnətōr
Adjectives
Degree
The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -anna /-ənə/. The comparandum is marked with the particle rà /ɾaː/ 'than'.
The superlative is formed with the suffix -acht /-əxt/.
Pronouns
Personal
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns
1sg
2sg
3sg.m
3sg.f
1pl.ex
1pl.in
2pl
3pl
Independent
nà
fiar
hù
hì
gàmh
gèid
sèid
hàr
Dependent
dhà
iar
ù
ì
àmh
cèir
hèir
àr
To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -na/-ne is added to the pronoun.
Other
tà = what?
tuabh = who?
tach = where?
Prepositions
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.
moL, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).
The sequence le + an contracts to lean /ʟən/.
Inflection of prepositions
1sg
2sg.m
3sg.m
3sg.f
1pl.ex
1pl.in
2pl
3pl
chaoi 'before'
chaoin
chaois
chao
chaoi
chaoim
chaoid
chaoic
chaoir
de-L, d'- 'in, at'
dian
dias
diù
dì
diam
diad
diac
diar
dri-N 'on'
drion
dris
drù
drì
drim
drid
dric
drir
geil 'from'
geilin
geilis
gealu
geili
geilim
geilid
geilic
geilir
go-L 'with'
guan
gòis
gù
gùi
guam
guad
guac
guar
le 'to'
lion
leis
leo
lèi
liom
liod
lioc
lior
na 'with (instrumental)'
nain
nais
naoi
naì
naim
naid
naic
naer
ro (ergative)
rùinn
rùis
rù
rùi
rùm
rùd
rùc
rùr
Dli can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:
Dlien k:chèseredh a k:chèsen.
[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəθ ə ˈçeːsn̩]
on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food
I have to eat the food.
Verbs
Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.
Addition of the b-prefix
Certain verb forms undergo the morphophonological process of b-prefixation, which stems from the Thensarian 3rd person singular object prefix bi-. The b-prefix is not added to analytic forms (since those come from participles), impersonal forms, or imperatives.
For unprefixed verbs, the b-prefix is added by lenition of the stem's initial consonant. If the result of lenition begins with a vowel, then b'- is added.
For prefixed verbs, the addition of the b-prefix works as follows:
For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
For other prefixes, the mutation that would otherwise be induced by the prefix is blocked.
Present tense
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. The participle affix -adh is deleted after verb stems ending in -th or -dh: mìodh hù < *mìodadh hù 'he gives'.
1 The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.
Imperfect tense
To form the imperfect tense, the particle grè is used before the verb, -e is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.
grè more nà 'I used to thank'
grè :ngide hì 'she used to lie'
Preterite tense
The preterite is considered archaic in Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects.
Perfect tense
The suffix i-ìn is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ètaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.
Kèsìn ruk lýn.
I ate/have eaten a fruit.
Pluperfect tense
grò + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
An Saichte leis! (to one person)/An Saichte leac! (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the gods [give blessing] to you")
Moile! = Thank you!
Le h-èganta! = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
Feilin [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
Stànsa boire leis! = Happy Stannsa!
Sŋaoichrè bhoire leis! = Happy birthday!
Bithir huiŋeàn lion. = Nice to meet you.
B'aeillin iar. = I love you.
Sample texts
The North Wind and the Sun
Phonetic version
An b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd
Kiewlàch grè an b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì, t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù. Ieliedhìn tytheln nì, ngamew èdhene zufìn ho rè ngù an b:vàn li k:grynteteth sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Anøs ngolìn an b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu. Di hèl an t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Anøs sàsefìn fýne lu an :ngùd, al k:chèhest delvìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anàst fàchìn frènìn an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, nì an :ngùd hì an b:vàn :hèdhene.
Orthographic version
A bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd
Ciamhràch g'laì an bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd d'usgach go nar dri nì thòbh gilar aèdhanna, àn nuaidhìn zothròiŋ de reìa d'zhìor go h-eisbel bhfùnn drù. èrèidhìn tiotharann nì ŋamamh aèdhanna zufìn sho laì ŋù an bhànn ri gcluintetadh sù heìon, s'an zhothròiŋ sho reà, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Anois ŋorrìn an bhòlcoln go thàn ri g'laì conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laì ŋorra ŋù, aòn ar-sŋùichdìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ dri ŋlùdhu. Di fhaìr an dtànabh, sìl-bhfàilìn an bhòlcoln gil an snòisel. Anois sàsaìn fùinne ru an ŋ-ùd, ar cheìesd dearbhìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ. Ar anàsd fàchìn flèinìn an bhòlcoln sho ghorgèach, nì an ŋ-ùd hì an bhànn h-aèdhanna.
Gloss
Kiewlàch grè a b:vuołkołn al a :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù. [ˈcʰiəwl̠äːx qʷˁeː ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn əl̠ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ˈtʊs̠kəx kə ˈnal̠ə dɾɪ niː ˈθɵ̠ːv ˈɡɪʁᵝəl̠ ˈeːðənə̟ ǀ äːn ˈnyəðiːn ˈz̠ɔθl̠øːŋ də ˈl̠eːə ˈdyːl̠ ɡə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈwʉ̠ːn dɾʉ̠ː] kiewlàch grè-N a-L buołkołn al a-N ùd de-L uskech go-L nale dli nì-L tuov gir-el èdh-ene, àn-L nyødh-ìn zothl-ǿng de-L lèhe de-L zýl go-L espeł N-fùn dl-ù one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.
Ieliedhìn tythlen nì ngamew èdhene zuspìn ho rè ngù a b:vàn li k:gryntetedh sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. [ˈʔiəl̠iəðiːn ˈtʰʏθl̠ən niː ˈŋɐməw ˈeːðənə ˈʐʊs̠piːn hɔ̽ ʁeː ŋʉ̠ː ə väːn l̠ɪ ɢʷˁʏntʰətʰəθ s̠ʉ̠ː høːn ǀ s̠ən ˈɔθl̠øːŋ hɔ̽ ˈl̠äː ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ hɔ̽ ˈðɛl̠vəx] ie-liedh-ìn tythel-en nì-L ngamew èdhene zusp-ìn ho-L rè ngù a-L bàn li-N k:grynt-et-edh s-ù hǿn so-L an-L z:othlǿng ho-L là, a-L espeł liz-u ho-L delv-ech together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.
ùle ngolìn a b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu. [ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈŋɔl̠iːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gə ˈθäːn lɪ qʷˁeː ˈkʰɔnl̠əθʊ ǀ ʔɐx ˈŋɔl̠əx əl̠ qʷˁeː ˈŋɔl̠ə ŋʉ̠ː ǀ ˈɵːn ˈɐl̠s̠ɲyːxtiːn ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔθl̠øːŋ ə dɾɪ ˈŋʊᵝˁðʊ] ùle ngol-ìn a buołkłn go-L tàn li-N grè conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al grè ngol-e ngù òn al-sngýcht-ìn a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngùłdh-u now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.
De f:hèl a t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł. [tɛ ˈheːl̠ ə däːnəv ˈsiːɤᵝˁwɑːʁᵝiːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gɪɤᵝˁ ə ˈʂnøːs̠ɤᵝˁ] de-L fèl a-N tànev sìł-wàr-ìn a-L buołkołn gił a-L snǿs-eł LOC bottom DEF lamp give_up-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind from DEF.SG.N continue-VN Realizing that continuing would be futile, the north wind gave up continuing.
ùle sàsefìn fýne lu a :ngùd, al k:chèhest delvìn a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. [ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈs̠äːs̠əfiːn ˈfyːnə l̠ʊ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ǀ əl̠ ˈçeːəst tɛl̠viːn ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈl̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔðl̠øːŋ] ùle sàsef-ìn fýne lu a-N ùd al L-cèhest delv-ìn a-L hespeł liz-u lu an-L zothlǿng now shine-PST.PART warmth ERG DEF.F.SG sun, and ADV-immediate take_off-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak ERG DEF.M.SG traveler Now the sun shined out warmth, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.
Al anàst fàch frènìn a b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgèhech, nì a :ngùd hì a b:vàn :hèdhene. [əl̠ əˈnäːs̠t fäːx ˈfʁᵝeːniːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn hɔ̽ ˈɣɔl̠geːəx ǀ niː ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt hiː ə väːn ˈheːðənə̟] al anàst fàch frèn-ìn a-L buołkołn ho-L golgie-ech nì a-N ùd hì a-L bàn L-èdh-ene and thus be.PRET obligate-PST.PART DEF.M.SG TO_INFINITIVE confess.VN, COMP DEF.F.SG 3SG.F.INDEP DEF.M.SG one DEF.M.SG-strong-CMPV And thus the north wind was obliged to admit that the sun was the stronger one.
