Hlou-Shum languages

Xaetjeon/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮɛtʃən/ (Hlou-Shum languages: baeyghnae Aetjeon /ˈpejɣne ˈetʃʰɑn/) is a Naquic language inspired by Praimhín's Gussnish. It is a modern descendant of Naquian.

Main sources of loanwords:

• Tíogall
• Nurian
• Netagin
• Some from Naquian

Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/				ng /ŋ/
Stop	tenuis	b /p/	d /t/	dz /ts/	dx /tɬ/	dj /tʃ/	g /k/
	aspirated	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/	ts /tsʰ/	tq /tɬʰ/	tj /tʃʰ/	c /kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	th /θ/	s /s/	q /ɬ/	sj /ʃ/	ch /x/	h /h/
	voiced	v /v/	dh /ð/	z /z/	x /ɮ/	zj /ʒ/	gh /ɣ/
Approximant					l /l/	y /j/	w /w/

In addition, r /r/ is used in loanwords.

Notes

• In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
• Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since Hlou-Shum languages has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.

Vowels

Hlou-Shum languages vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i/		u /u/
Mid	ae /e/	eu /ə/	o /o/
Open	a /æ/		eo /ɑ/

Notes

• /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
• /ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.

Mutations

Normal	p	t	ts	s	tq	q	tj	sj	c	b	d	dz	z	dx	x	dj	zj	g
Lenited	f	th	s	h	q	h	sj	h	ch	v	dh	z	0	x	0	zj	0	gh

Normal	m	n	ng	w	l	y
Lenited	w	n	ng	w	w	y

Prosody

Stress

In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.

Morphology

Nouns

Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.

-meo, -nae, -neu < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz

ba - person
	Indefinite		Definite
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ba	bameo	banae	baneu
Vocative	-	-	vanae	vaneu

Adjectives

Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.

ba seowan

a small person

miv heowan

a small house

However, the suffixes -nae and -meo always lenite the following noun:

banae heowan

the small person

Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.

Prepositions and conjunctions

• tjeo-L = and
• meo-L = of
• deo-L = at
• yae-L = to

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	neo-L, ni-L	aw-L, mi-L
1.in	-	veo-L, bi-L
2	theo-L, ti-L	zeo-L, dzi-L
3	weo-L, wi-L

Tense and subject markers

Present tense subject affixes
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-(eo)n	-waegh
1.in	-	-(eo)d
2	-0, -a, -ae, -o	-(eo)b
3	-(eo)z	-(eo)x

Past tense subject affixes
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-nae	-wae
1.in	-	-do
2	-ae	-zo
3	-zae	-xae

Future tense auxiliary
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	cin	ciwaegh
1.in	-	cid
2	ci	cib
3	ciz	cix

Derivational morphology

• -azj (f): nominalizer

Phrasebook

• Lon Xaetjva. = I am a Xaetjeon person.