Togarmite

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Togarmite
Þėgamiþ
Pronunciation[/θegamiθ/]
Created byIlL
SettingLõis
Afro-Asiatic

Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or lysėnyn þėgamijyn /ˈləsenən θegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English:

  • loss of grammatical gender
  • loss of the passive binyanim
  • the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-subjunctive) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe

Todo

  • gdėl = big
  • kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
  • mkodas = holy, sacred (from Old Semehliþ muquddaš)
    • mkosyn = expletive/swear word like "damn"
  • Kabšyn wy frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the most striking feature of Togarmite, the shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > [o:] occuring in its close relative Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'he acted', from Ancient Greek πραξις.

  • m n /m n/
  • p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
  • b d g /b d g/
  • f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
  • w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
  • l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /e ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Orthography

The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jėþ, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, tau

Pronouns

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.

I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we you (pl.) they
Nominative nėx aþ eþ hu hi že nanė aþøm høm
Objective þi þax þex þau þa þež þynė þaxøm þaum
Possessive li lax lex lau la lež lynė laxøm laum
Reflexive/Intensive afi afax afex afau afa afež afnė afxøm afaum

The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

Regular noun declension
singular plural
indefinite ȝėlam ȝėlami
definite ȝėlamyn ȝėlamil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėgami 'Togarmite'
singular plural
indefinite þėgami þėgamije
definite þėgamijyn þėgamijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'
singular plural
indefinite šeȝart šeȝar
definite šeȝartyn šeȝaril

Former feminines/body parts

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

øžny 'ear'
singular plural
indefinite øžny øžnė
definite øžnyn øžnėþil
lysėn 'tongue; language'
singular plural
indefinite lysėn lysėnėþ
definite lysėnyn lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'excuse (pretext)'
singular plural
indefinite apoloža apoložes
definite apoložan apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'
singular plural
indefinite þėma þėmes / þėmata
definite þėman þėmėþil / þėmataþil


By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'
singular plural
indefinite heta hetes
definite hetan hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.

Verbs

  • Past = prefix conjugation
  • Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem
  • Imperative
    • The negative imperative is formed with al + 2nd person past tense: xþøb 'write! (singular)', al tyxþøb! 'don't write! (singular)'
  • w-form = w + suffix conjugation in the f3al binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
  • Infinitive
  • Participles

The suffix conjugation is not preserved unlike in other Semitic languages.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Binyan 1: jyxþøb

This binyan can take -ø-, -e- or -a- as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1a conjugation: jyxþøb 'he wrote'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yxþøb tyxþøb jyxþøb nyxþøb tyxþøbu jyxþøbu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wyxþab tywė wyxþab jywė wyxþab nywė wnyxþøb tywu wtyxþøbu jywu wėxþøbu
present yxėþøb tyxėþøb jyxėþøb nyxėþøb tyxėþøbu jyxėþøbu
present progressive yše wyxþab tyše wyxþab jyše wyxþab nyše wyxþab tyšu wyxþab jyšu wyxþab
present subjunctive yxþøban tyxþøban jyxþøban nyxþøban tyxþøbun jyxþøbun
future ėbe xþėb tėbe xþėb jėbe xþėb nėbe xþėb tėbu xþėb jėbu xþėb
imperative - xþøb! - - xþøbu! -
active participle xėþeb xėþebi
passive participle myxþub myxþubi
w-form wyxþab
infinitive xþėb

Binyan 2: jyfaȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: jysaxen 'he inhabited'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ysaxen tysaxen jysaxen nysaxen tysaxenu jysaxenu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wysaxen tywė wysaxen jywė wysaxen nywė wysaxen tywu wysaxen jywu wysaxen
present ysxėxen tysxėxen jysxėxen nysxėxen tysxėxenu jysxėxenu
present progressive yše wysaxen tyše wysaxen jyše wysaxen nyše wysaxen tyšu wysaxen jyšu wysaxen
present subjunctive ysaxenan tysaxenan jysaxenan nysaxenan tysaxenun jysaxenun
future ėbe saxun tėbe saxun jėbe saxun nėbe saxun tėbu saxun jėbu saxun
imperative - saxen! - - saxenu! -
active participle møsaxen møsaxeni
passive participle møsaxan møsaxani
w-form wysaxen
infinitive saxun

Binyan 3: jafȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: jažxer 'he reminded'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ažxer tažxer jažxer nažxer tažxeru jažxeru
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wažxer tywė wažxer jywė wažxer nywė wažxer tywu wažxer jywu wažxer
present ažėxer tažėxer jažėxer nažėxer tažėxeru jažėxeru
present progressive yše wažxer tyše wažxer jyše wažxer nyše wažxer tyšu wažxer jyšu wažxer
present subjunctive ažxeran tažxeran jažxeran nažxeran tažxerun jažxerun
future ėbe hazxur tėbe hazxur jėbe hazxur nėbe hazxur tėbu hazxur jėbu hazxur
imperative - hažxer! - - hažxeru! -
active participle mažxer mažxeri
passive participle mažxar mažxari
w-form wažxer
infinitive hazxur

Binyan 4: jyfty3el

Binyan 1a conjugation: jyþlymed 'he found his way around'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yþlymed tyþlymed jyþlymed nyþlymed tyþlymed jyþlymed
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wyþlymed tywė wyþlymed jywė wyþlymed nywė wyþlymed tywu wyþlymed jywu wyþlymed
present yþlėmed tyþlėmed jyþlėmed nyþlėmed tyþlėmed jyþlėmed
present progressive yše wyþlymed tyše wyþlymed jyše wyþlymed nyše wyþlymed tyšu wyþlymed jyšu wyþlymed
present subjunctive yþlymedan tyþlymedan jyþlymedan nyþlymedan tyþlymedun jyþlymedun
future ėbe hyþlymud tėbe hyþlymud jėbe hyþlymud nėbe hyþlymud tėbu hyþlymud jėbu hyþlymud
imperative - hyþlymed! - - hyþlymedu! -
active participle møþlymed møþlymedi
passive participle møþlymad møþlymadi
w-form wyþlymėd
infinitive hyþlymud

Binyan 5: jyþyfa3el

Binyan 1a conjugation: jyþydares 'he taught'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yþydares jyþydares jyþydares nyþydares tyþydaresu jyþydaresu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wyþydares tywė wyþydares jywė wyþydares nywė wyþydares tywu wyþydares jywu wyþydares
present yþydrėres tyþydrėres jyþydrėres nyþydrėres tyþydrėresu jyþydrėresu
present progressive yše wyþydares tyše wyþydares jyše wyþydares nyše wyþydares tyšu wyþydares jyšu wyþydares
present subjunctive yþydaresan jyþydaresan jyþydaresan nyþydaresan tyþydaresun jyþydaresun
future ėbe þydarus tėbe þydarus jėbe þydarus nėbe þydarus tėbu þydarus jėbu þydarus
imperative - þydares! - - þydaresu! -
active participle møþydares møþydaresi
passive participle møþydaras møþydaresi
w-form wyþydares
infinitive þydarus

Binyan 6: jynifty3el

Binyan 1a conjugation: jyniþgydel 'he grew up'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yniþgydel jyniþgydel jyniþgydel nyniþgydel tyniþgydelu jyniþgydelu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wyniþgydel tywė wyniþgydel jywė wyniþgydel nywė wyniþgydel tywu wyniþgydel jywu wyniþgydel
present yniþgėdel tyniþgėdel jyniþgėdel nyniþgėdel tyniþgėdelu jyniþgėdelu
present progressive yše wyniþgydel tyše wyniþgydel jyše wyniþgydel nyše wyniþgydel tyšu wyniþgydel jyšu wyniþgydel
present subjunctive yniþgydelan jyniþgydelan jyniþgydelan nyniþgydelan tyniþgydelun jyniþgydelun
future ėbe niþgydul tėbe niþgydul jėbe niþgydul nėbe niþgydul tėbu niþgydul jėbu niþgydul
imperative - niþgydel! - - niþgydelu! -
active participle møniþgydel møniþgydeli
passive participle møniþgydal møniþgydali
w-form wyniþgydel
infinitive niþgydul

Binyan 7: jystyfȝel

Binyan 1a conjugation: jystytȝem 'he tried out'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ystytȝem jystytȝem jystytȝem nystytȝem tystytȝemu jystytȝemu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wystytȝem tywė wystytȝem jywė wystytȝem nywė wystytȝem tywu wystytȝem jywu wystytȝem
present ystytėȝem tystytėȝem jystytėȝem nystytėȝem tystytėȝemu jystytėȝemu
present progressive yše wystytȝem tyše wystytȝem jyše wystytȝem nyše wystytȝem tyšu wystytȝem jyšu wystytȝem
present subjunctive ystytȝeman jystytȝeman jystytȝeman nystytȝeman tystytȝemun jystytȝemun
future ėbe stytȝum tėbe stytȝum jėbe stytȝum nėbe stytȝum tėbu stytȝum jėbu stytȝum
imperative - stytȝem! - - stytȝemu! -
active participle møstytȝem møstytȝemi
passive participle møstytȝam møstytȝami
w-form wystytȝem
infinitive stytȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm is used for loan verbs and some native-derived verbs.

  • jy-[STEM] = active
  • jyþy-[STEM] = reflexive/reciprocal
  • my- = active participle
  • -t = infinitive
Loan verb conjugation: jymaksimez 'he maximized'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ymaksimezi tymaksimezi jymaksimezi nymaksimezi tymaksimezu jymaksimezu
past progressive; past subjunctive ywė wymaksimezi tywė wymaksimezi jywė wymaksimezi nywė wymaksimezi tywu wymaksimezi jywu wymaksimezi
present ymaksimezė tymaksimezė jymaksimezė nymaksimezė tymaksimezėju jymaksimezėju
present progressive yše wymaksimezi tyše wymaksimezi jyše wymaksimezi nyše wymaksimezi tyšu wymaksimezi jyšu wymaksimezi
present subjunctive ymaksimezan tymaksimezan jymaksimezan nymaksimezan tymaksimezun jymaksimezun
future ėbe maksimezt tėbe maksimezt jėbe maksimezt nėbe maksimezt tėbu maksimezt jėbu maksimezt
imperative - maksimezi! - - maksimezu! -
active participle mømaksimezė mømaksimezėji
passive participle mømaksimeza mømaksimezaji
w-form wymaksimez
infinitive maksimezt

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Modal verbs

juxėl = past, jėxėl = present, wyxėl = infinitive (to be able to)

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

  • ly 'to'
  • by 'in'
  • šydo 'outside'
  • me 'from'
  • ȝem 'with'
  • ȝal 'on'
  • lid' 'of (possessive)'

Syntax of prepositions

Numerals

1: yhad 2: šnain / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrim 30: šlėšim 40: yrbȝim 50: hymsim 60: setsim 70: sybȝim 80: šmėnim 90: þesȝim 10: me'yþ

Syntax

Existentials

The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.

  • Iš mykėm ėn... = There is a place where...
  • A iš lex zman? = Do you have time?

The particle iš uses the accusative marker iþ when the "object" is animate.

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

  • myCCaC = place
  • myCCeC = instrument
  • þyCCuC = verbal noun
  • þyCCiC = verbal noun
  • þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
  • CyCiC = -able
  • CyCuC = color

Affixes

  • -an = forms adjectives
  • -uþ = (borrowed from Hebrew) abstract noun
  • -i = forms adjectives
  • i- = non-, un-

Lexicon

ʔ

  • √ʔ-(w)-r
    • aur 'light'
    • awer 'to illuminate'
  • √ʔ-d-m
    • ydum 'red'
  • √ʔ-ž-n
    • øžny 'ear'
  • √ʔ-y-s
    • is 'equal'
    • ajes 'to equate'
      • ajus 'metaphor; simile'
  • √ʔ-x-l
    • yxal 'to eat'
    • exly 'food'
    • þaxil 'comsumption'
      • þaxili 'to consume'
  • √ʔ-m-n
    • amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
    • hy'ymen 'to trust, to believe'
  • √ʔ-m-r
    • ymar 'to say'
    • emry 'remark'
    • amer 'to assert, to affirm'
  • √ʔ-r-þ
    • arþy 'earth'
  • √ʔ-þ-j
    • yþė 'to come'

B

  • bajþ 'house'
  • √b-r-ʔ
    • bra 'to create'
    • bri 'healthy'

G

  • √g-d-l
    • gdėl = big
    • nitgydal = to grow

D

  • √d-r-x
    • darxy = road
    • drax = to go, to walk
    • hydrex = to lead
  • √d-r-s
    • dras = to study, to learn
    • dares = to demand
    • þydares = to teach
    • mydras = school
      • jymydrasi = he schooled

H

  • √h-d-š
    • hydiš 'new'
  • √h-t-ʔ
    • heta 'sin'
    • hatė 'to sin'
  • √h-m-d
  • √h-m-l
    • hymal 'to suffer'
    • hymil 'patient'
  • √h-m-m
    • hymum 'warm'
  • √h-r-c
    • hyruc 'yellow'

W

  • √w-l-d
    • waldy 'child'
    • molad 'birth'
    • wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
    • holėd 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
  • √w-r-š
    • waršy 'inheritance'
    • wrėš 'to inherit'
    • wriš 'heritable'
    • wrišt 'gene'
    • morašt 'heritage'
    • twarešt 'tradition'

Z

  • √z-h-r (?)
    • hazhėr 'to warn'
  • √z-m-r
    • myzmer 'kantele'
  • √z-r-ȝ
    • zarȝe 'seed'
    • zraȝ 'to sow'

Ž

  • √ž-b-h
    • tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
    • žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
  • žbi 'antelope'
  • √ž-h-b
    • žahab 'gold'
    • žaheb 'to gild'
  • √ž-h-r
    • žohri 'noon'
  • √ž-m-r
    • žemyrt 'might'
  • √žxr
    • žyxar 'to remember'
    • žaxer 'to record; to memorize'
    • hažxer 'to remind'
    • haždaxar 'to come to mind'
    • styžxer 'to make note of'
  • √ž-r-ȝ
    • žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'

T

  • √t-ȝ-m
    • tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
    • taȝem 'to elect'
      • taȝum 'election'
    • þytaȝem '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
    • stytȝem 'to try out'

J

  • jad 'hand'
  • √j-b-s
    • jabas 'dry'

X

  • √x-s-f
    • xasfy 'silver, money'
    • myxsaf 'bank'

L

  • lė = not; no
  • ly = to, for
  • √l-b-s
  • √l-m-d
    • lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
    • lamed 'to show, to point out'
    • halθamad 'to find one's way around'
  • lysėn 'tongue; language'

M

  • √m-l-x
    • malxy 'king'
  • √m-n-w
    • myno 'to count'

N

  • √n-b-ʔ
    • nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
    • nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
    • nitnyba 'to hector'
  • √n-ś-ʔ
    • nyša 'to carry'
  • √n-þ-n
    • nyþan 'to give'

Ȝ

  • √ȝ-n-y
    • ȝnė 'to answer'
    • þyȝanė 'to satisfy'
  • √ȝ-š-j
    • ȝyšė 'to do, to make'
    • maȝše 'act'

F

  • √f-l-ʔ
    • føla 'miracle'
    • hafle 'to amaze'
    • miføla 'wonderful'

P

  • √p-rk-s
    • parkes 'to act'
  • √p-s-f
    • psif 'vote'
    • psifin 'voting'
    • psaf 'to vote'

C

  • √c-b-ȝ
  • √c-d-k
    • hycdek = to justify
    • þycadek = to make right, to set right

K

  • √k-d-s
    • kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
    • hykdes 'to sanctify'
  • √k-m
    • kam 'he stood up; he rose'
    • mykėm 'place'
    • jymykėmi 'to locate'
  • √k-r-ʔ
    • kra 'to read, to call'
    • mekra 'scripture'
    • tykru 'invocation, prayer'
  • √k-s-m
    • hyksem 'to curse'

R

  • √r-ʔ-j
    • ry'ė 'to see'

S

  • √s-x-n
    • sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
    • mesxan 'apartment'
    • saxen 'to inhabit'
  • √s-l-m
    • slėm 'peace; hello!'
  • √s-m-ȝ
    • smaȝ 'to hear'

Š

  • šmėl 'north'
  • √š-l-g
    • šalgy 'snow'
  • šol 'fox'

Þ

  • √þ-g-m
    • hyþgem 'explain'
  • √þ-l-l
    • tlul 'steep; difficult'

Sample texts

Lysėn þėgamiþ, lysėn þlul

  • Yhad texni, rab texnes; yhad þėgami, rab þėgames = one skill, many skills; one Togarmite, many Togarmites (the correct plural of þėgami is þėgamije)

UDHR

Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w isi b aksjoprepjan wyb žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki w synidisi w høbu ly parkus l odšni by ruh lid ahwuþ.

all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood

/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi baksjo'prepjan vəb ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəhø'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni bə ruh lid 'ahvuθ/

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