Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon
| Sošovíc | |
|---|---|
| sošovíc/lesán sošovija | |
| Created by | IlL |
| Native speakers | 393,000 (2013) |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Solám alóm!
Assumptions:
- Final short vowels are weakened at around the same time as Proto-Slavic reduces final short vowels to jers.
- Palatalization does *not* follow Slavic, except in affixes and function words
Phonology
Vowels
Oral
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | í /iː/ | u /u/ | ú /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /e̞/ | é /e̞ː/ | y /ə/ | ý /əː/ | o /o̞/ | ó /o̞ː/ |
| Open | ě /æ/ | ě /æː/ | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||
Nasal
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | ||||||
| Mid | ę /ɛ̃ː/ | ǫ /ɔ̃ː/ | ||||
| Open | ||||||
Diachronics
Vowels
| Proto-North Semitic | Proto-Sošovíc |
|---|---|
| i | ь |
| u | ъ |
| a | o |
| ī | i |
| ū | y |
| aj | ě |
| aw | u |
| ā | a |
| an | ǫ |
| in | ę, ь |
| un | ǫ, ъ |
Havlík's law: strong *ъ > *o, strong *ь > *e, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
Consonants
| PSem | *b | *d | *g | *p | *t | *k | *ṭ | *ḳ | *ð | *z | *þ | *š | *ś | *s | *þ̣ | *ṣ | *ṣ́ | *ɣ | *ʕ | *ʔ | *x | *ħ | *h | *m | *n | *l | *r | *w | *j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon | b | d | ž | p | c | č | t | k | v | z | f | s | š | s | f | š | þ | g | a, ː | ː | ch | ha | h | m | n | l | r | v | j |
Nouns
Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular -Ø < *-ъ < PSem *-u and genitive singular -o < PSem *-a. Feminine singular nominative *-atu was changed to *-ā > -a under Indo-European influence.
The case system has also been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative and genitive is identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine singular nouns, and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'.
Masculine nouns of type moloč
| Masculine noun: moloč 'king' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | moloč | molča | molčy | |
| genitive | molčo | molčě | molči | |
| dative | molčlu | molčěluma | molčilúm | |
| accusative | molčo | molča | molčy | |
| ins./loc. | molčbi | molčěbima | molčibím | |
| Masculine noun: júm 'day' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | júm | júma | júmy | |
| genitive | júmo | júmě | júmi | |
| dative | júmlu | júměluma | júmilúm | |
| accusative | júm | júma | júmy | |
| ins./loc. | júmbi | júměbima | júmibím | |
Masculine *-ь-stems
| Masculine noun: fob 'antelope' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | fob | fobě | fobji | |
| genitive | fobje | fobjě | fobji | |
| dative | foblu | fobjěluma | fobjilúm | |
| accusative | fobje | fobě | fobji | |
| ins./loc. | fobebi | fobjěbima | fobjibím | |
Masculine nouns of type ráj
Example nouns: máj 'water', somáj 'heaven', ráj 'wealth'
Feminine nouns of type molča
| Feminine noun: molča 'queen' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | molča | molčota | molčác | |
| genitive | molčoto | molčocě | molčaci | |
| dative | molčótla | molčótluma | molčátlěn | |
| accusative | molča | molčota | molčác | |
| ins./loc. | molčótbě | molčótbima | molčátbín | |
| Feminine noun: syra 'performance; ritual' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | syra | syrota | syrác | |
| genitive | syroto | syrocě | syraci | |
| dative | syrótla | syrótluma | syrátlěn | |
| accusative | syra | syrota | syrác | |
| ins./loc. | syrótbě | syrótbima | syrátbín | |
Feminine nouns of type lesán
This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix *-at- in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ӗn 'eye'; ovon, ovn- 'ear'; beton, betn- 'stomach'; lӗl 'night', oroþ, orþ- 'earth'.
| Feminine noun: lesán 'tongue, language' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | lesán | lesána | lesánác | |
| genitive | lesáno | lesáně | lesánaci | |
| dative | lesánla | lesáněluma | lesánátlěn | |
| accusative | lesán | lesána | lesánác | |
| ins./loc. | lesánbě | lesáněbima | lesánátbín | |
Feminine abstract -íc nouns
| Feminine noun: omyníc 'truth' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | omyníc | omynita | omynijác | |
| genitive | omynito | omynicě | omynijaci | |
| dative | omynítla | omynítluma | omynijátlěn | |
| accusative | omyníc | omynita | omynijác | |
| ins./loc. | omynítbě | omynítbima | omynijátbín | |
Adjectives
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: rób běþ 'big egg', taba spara 'good story'.
Adjectives ending in a consonant
| Adjective declension: tab 'good' | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| Nom./Voc. | tab | taba | taba | tabota | taby | tabác |
| Genitive | tabo | taboto | tabě | tabocě | tabi | tabaci |
| Dative | tablu | tabótla | taběluma | tabótluma | tabilúm | tabátlěn |
| Acc. | taboan tabinan |
taba | taba | tabota | taby | tabác |
| Ins./Loc. | tabbi | tabótbě | taběbima | tabótbima | tabibím | tabátbín |
Nisba adjectives
Pronouns
| Personal pronouns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | First person | ||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
| Nominative | nák | náma | nány | ||||||
| Genitive | meni | mennama, menma | menny | ||||||
| Dative | li | lonama, loma | lony | ||||||
| Accusative | nic | mac | nyc | ||||||
| Ins./Loc. | bi | bema | bny | ||||||
| Personal pronouns, cont. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Second person | Third person | ||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| Nominative | ǫto | ǫc | ǫtma | ǫtmy | ǫtna | hy | hi | homa | homy | hena |
| Genitive | męk | męč | mękma | mękmy | męčna | men | mená | menema | menemy | menen |
| Dative | lók | lóč | lókma | lókmy | lóčna | lu | lá | luma | lumy | lěn |
| Accusative | kac | čic | kmac | kmyc | čnac | hoc | hac | homac | homyc | henac |
| Ins./Loc. | bek | beč | bekma | bekmy | bečna | bí | bě | bíma | bímy | bín |
| Interrogative pronouns | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | 'who' | 'what' |
| Nominative | mi | ma |
| Genitive | menmi | menma |
| Dative | milu | malu |
| Accusative | mic | ma |
| Ins./Loc. | mibi | mabi |
| Demonstrative/relative pronoun | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| Nom./Voc. | vy | věc | va | věta | oly | olác |
| Genitive | vu | věto | vě | věcě | oli | olaci |
| Dative | vulu | větla | věluma | větluma | olilúm | olátlěn |
| Acc. | vuan vyinan |
věc | va | věta | oly | olác |
| Ins./Loc. | vubi | větbě | věbima | větbima | olibím | olátbín |
Verbs
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
Binyan A: kotol
Regular (strong) paradigm
Active
| kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel 'kill' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| kotlec | |||
| Participle | |||
| katel | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | ktol! | ktola! | ktoly! |
| 2.f | ktoli! | ktolna! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | oktol | nektla | nektol |
| 2.m | toktol | cektla | cektly |
| 2.f | toktli | cektolna | |
| 3.m | joktol | jektla | jektly |
| 3.f | joktli | jektolna | |
| Imperfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | fóktol | fonektla | fonektol |
| 2.m | fotoktol | focektla | focektly |
| 2.f | fotoktli | focektolna | |
| 3.m | fojoktol | fojektla | fojektly |
| 3.f | fojoktli | fojektolna | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | kotolok | kotolma | kotolny |
| 2.m | kotolot | kotoltma | kotoltmy |
| 2.f | kotoloc | kotoltna | |
| 3.m | kotol | kotola | kotoly |
| 3.f | kotola | kotolota | kotolna |
| Future I | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | rþi oktol | rþi nektla | rþi nektol |
| 2.m | rþi toktol | rþi cektla | rþi cektly |
| 2.f | rþi toktli | rþi cektolna | |
| 3.m | rþi joktol | rþi jektla | rþi jektly |
| 3.f | rþi joktli | rþi jektolna | |
| Future II | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | očun katel | nečuna katla | nečun katly |
| 1.f | očun katla | nečuna katlota | nečun katlác |
| 2.m | točun katel | cečuna katla | cečuny katly |
| 2.f | točuni katla | cečuna katlota | cečunna katlác |
| 3.m | jočun katel | ječuna katla | ječuny katly |
| 3.f | jočuni katla | ječuna katlota | ječunna katlác |
| Perfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.m | nák katel | náma katla | nány katly |
| 1.f | nák katla | náma katlota | nány katlác |
| 2.m | ǫto katel | ǫtma katla | ǫtmy katly |
| 2.f | ǫc katla | ǫtma katlota | ǫtna katlác |
| 3.m | (hy) katel | (homa) katla | (homy) katly |
| 3.f | (hi) katla | (homa) katlota | (hena) katlác |
| Pluperfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.m | čǫk katel | čanma katla | čanny katly |
| 1.f | čǫk katla | čanma katlota | čanny katlác |
| 2.m | čǫt katel | čǫtma katla | čǫtmy katly |
| 2.f | čǫc katla | čǫtma katlota | čǫtna katlác |
| 3.m | čan katel | čana katla | čany katly |
| 3.f | čana katla | čanota katlota | čanna katlác |
Weak paradigm: I-*ʔ
| ocíc, ci, jóci, ocě, ací 'come' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| ocíc | |||
| Participle | |||
| ací | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | ci! | cě! | cý! |
| 2.f | cí! | cina! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | óci | nécě | néci |
| 2.m | tóci | cécě | cécý |
| 2.f | tócí | jécina | |
| 3.m | jóci | jécě | jécý |
| 3.f | jócí | jécina | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | ocěk | ocěma | ocěny |
| 2.m | ocět | ocětma | ocětmy |
| 2.f | ocěc | ocětna | |
| 3.m | ocě | ocá | ocý |
| 3.f | ocá | ocáta | ocěna |
Weak paradigm: III-*ʔ
NB. Just look at what happens after the second radical
| nošúc, nošú, jǫšú, nošó, naší 'have' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| nosúc | |||
| Participle | |||
| naší | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | šú! | šova! | šovy! |
| 2.f | šovi! | šúna! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | ǫšú | nęšova | nęšovy |
| 2.m | tǫšú | cęšova | cęšovy |
| 2.f | tǫšovi | cęšúna | |
| 3.m | jǫšú | jęšova | jęšovy |
| 3.f | jǫšovi | jęšúna | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | nošók | nošóma | nošóny |
| 2.m | nošót | nošótma | nošótmy |
| 2.f | nošóc | nošótna | |
| 3.m | nošó | nošova | nošovy |
| 3.f | nošova | nošóta | nošóna |
| šonovec, šní, jošní, šoní, šaní 'be angry at, resent' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| šonovec | |||
| Participle | |||
| šaní | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | šní! | šně! | šnevy! |
| 2.f | šní! | šnína! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | ošní | nešně | nešní |
| 2.m | tošní | cešně | cešnevy |
| 2.f | tošní | cešnína | |
| 3.m | jošní | ješně | ješnevy |
| 3.f | jošní | ješnína | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | šoník | šoníma | šoníny |
| 2.m | šonít | šonítma | šonítmy |
| 2.f | šoníc | šonítna | |
| 3.m | šoní | šoně | šonevy |
| 3.f | šoně | šoníta | šonína |
Weak paradigm: III-*j
| socíc, sec, josci, socě, sací 'drink' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| socíc | |||
| Participle | |||
| sací | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | sec! | scě! | scý! |
| 2.f | scí! | scina! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | osci | nescě | nesci |
| 2.m | tosci | cescě | cescý |
| 2.f | toscí | cescina | |
| 3.m | josci | jescě | jescý |
| 3.f | joscí | jescina | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | socěk | socěma | socěny |
| 2.m | socět | socětma | socětmy |
| 2.f | socěc | socětna | |
| 3.m | socě | socá | socý |
| 3.f | socá | socáta | socěna |
Usage
Imperative
The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle c (< 'come') plus the present tense.
- C jóci memloč męk.
- Let Thy kingdom come.
The imperative is negated with the negative particle la, instead of bol.
- La šní li!
- Don't be mad at me!
Pater noster
Ob menny vy na somájbi!
C jotkódas sem męk.
C jóci memloč męk.
C jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.
Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.
V stápu-ny chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostápú chotavác nož lony.
V la sabé-ny na tonésíny, éla žal-ny leč rogo.
Amen.