Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon

Socovíc
socovíc/socovija lesán
Created by	IlL
Native speakers	393,000 (2013)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic North Semitic Socovíc

Background

Socovíc (Socovíc: socovíc /ˈsotsoviːts/ or socovija lesán /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called Sotsovian in English, is a Semitic language spoken in the Turkey and Bosphorus area. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic languages such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, socovíc, seems to have originated from *√s-t-w, a root meaning 'north' in Socovíc (cf. Hebrew סְתָו săṯâw 'winter').

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/		t /t/			k /k/	q /q/
	voiced	b /b/		d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	þ /θ/	s /s/	š /ʂ/		ch /x/		h /h/
	voiced	v /v/		z /z/	ž /ʐ/
Affricate				c /ts/	č /ʈʂ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant				l /l/		j /j/

Vowels

Oral

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	í /iː/			u /u/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /e̞/	é /e̞ː/	y /ə/	ý /əː/	o /o̞/	ó /o̞ː/
Open	ě /æ/	ě /æː/	a /a/	á /aː/

Nasal

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close
Mid		ę /ɛ̃ː/				ǫ /ɔ̃ː/
Open

Stress

Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.

Diachronics

Vowels

Proto-North Semitic	Proto-socovíc
i	ь
u	ъ
a	o
ī	i
ū	y
aj	ě
aw	u
ā	a
an	ǫ
in	ę, ь
un	ǫ, ъ

Havlík's law: strong *ъ > *o, strong *ь > *e, weak jers vanish without doing anything

Cja > Cě

Consonants

PSem	*b	*d	*g	*p	*t	*k	*ṭ	*ḳ	*ð	*z	*þ	*š	*ś	*s	*þ̣	*ṣ	*ṣ́	*ɣ	*ʕ	*ʔ	*x	*ħ	*h	*m	*n	*l	*r	*w	*j
Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon	b	d	ž	p	c	č	t	k	v	z	f	s	š	s	f	š	þ	g	a, ː	ː	ch	ha	h	m	n	l	r	v	j

Nouns

Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular -Ø < *-ъ < PSem *-u and genitive singular -o < PSem *-a. Feminine singular nominative *-atu was changed to *-ā > -a under Indo-European influence.

The case system has also been restructured along Slavic lines. The behavior of the accusative and genitive is identical to Slavic: accusative is identical to the genitive for animate masculine singular nouns, and to the nominative otherwise, and objects of negative sentences take the genitive. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'.

Masculine nouns of type moloč

Masculine noun: moloč 'king'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	moloč	molča	molčy
genitive	molčo	molčě	molči
dative	molčlu	molčěluma	molčilúm
accusative	molčo	molča	molčy
ins./loc.	molčbi	molčěbima	molčibím

Masculine noun: júm 'day'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	júm	júma	júmy
genitive	júmo	júmě	júmi
dative	júmlu	júměluma	júmilúm
accusative	júm	júma	júmy
ins./loc.	júmbi	júměbima	júmibím

Masculine *-ь-stems

Masculine noun: fob 'antelope'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	fob	fobě	fobji
genitive	fobje	fobjě	fobji
dative	foblu	fobjěluma	fobjilúm
accusative	fobje	fobě	fobji
ins./loc.	fobebi	fobjěbima	fobjibím

Masculine nouns of type ráj

Example nouns: máj 'water', somáj 'heaven', ráj 'splendor'

Feminine nouns of type molča

Feminine noun: molča 'queen'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	molča	molčota	molčác
genitive	molčoto	molčocě	molčaci
dative	molčótla	molčótluma	molčátlěn
accusative	molča	molčota	molčác
ins./loc.	molčótbě	molčótbima	molčátbín

Feminine noun: syra 'performance; ritual'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	syra	syrota	syrác
genitive	syroto	syrocě	syraci
dative	syrótla	syrótluma	syrátlěn
accusative	syra	syrota	syrác
ins./loc.	syrótbě	syrótbima	syrátbín

Feminine nouns of type lesán

This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix *-at- in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ӗn 'eye'; ovon, ovn- 'ear'; beton, betn- 'stomach'; lӗl 'night', oroþ, orþ- 'earth'.

Feminine noun: lesán 'tongue, language'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	lesán	lesána	lesánác
genitive	lesáno	lesáně	lesánaci
dative	lesánla	lesáněluma	lesánátlěn
accusative	lesán	lesána	lesánác
ins./loc.	lesánbě	lesáněbima	lesánátbín

Feminine abstract -íc nouns

Feminine noun: omyníc 'truth'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nom./voc.	omyníc	omynita	omynijác
genitive	omynito	omynicě	omynijaci
dative	omynítla	omynítluma	omynijátlěn
accusative	omyníc	omynita	omynijác
ins./loc.	omynítbě	omynítbima	omynijátbín

Adjectives

Adjectives tend to precede nouns: rób běþ 'big egg', taba spara 'good story'.

Adjectives ending in a consonant

Adjective declension: tab 'good'
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
Nom./Voc.	tab	taba	taba	tabota	taby	tabác
Genitive	tabo	taboto	tabě	tabocě	tabi	tabaci
Dative	tablu	tabótla	taběluma	tabótluma	tabilúm	tabátlěn
Acc.	taboan tabinan	taba	taba	tabota	taby	tabác
Ins./Loc.	tabbi	tabótbě	taběbima	tabótbima	tabibím	tabátbín

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Case	First person
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nák	náma	nány
Genitive	meni	mennama, menma	menny
Dative	li	lonama, loma	lony
Accusative	nic	mac	nyc
Ins./Loc.	bi	bema	bny

Personal pronouns, cont.
Case	Second person					Third person
	Singular		Dual	Plural		Singular		Dual	Plural
	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine
Nominative	ǫto	ǫc	ǫtma	ǫtmy	ǫtna	hy	hi	homa	homy	hena
Genitive	męk	męč	mękma	mękmy	męčna	men	mená	menema	menemy	menen
Dative	lók	lóč	lókma	lókmy	lóčna	lu	lá	luma	lumy	lěn
Accusative	kác	číc	kmác	kmýc	čnác	hóc	hác	homác	homýc	henác
Ins./Loc.	bek	beč	bekma	bekmy	bečna	bí	bě	bíma	bímy	bín

Interrogative pronouns
Case	'who'	'what'
Nominative	mi	ma
Genitive	menmi	menma
Dative	milu	malu
Accusative	míc	ma
Ins./Loc.	mibi	mabi

Demonstrative/relative pronoun
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
Nom./Voc.	vy	věc	va	věta	oly	olác
Genitive	vu	věto	vě	věcě	oli	olaci
Dative	vulu	větla	věluma	větluma	olilúm	olátlěn
Acc.	vuan vyinan	věc	va	věta	oly	olác
Ins./Loc.	vubi	větbě	věbima	větbima	olibím	olátbín

Numerals

Cardinal numerals one and two (and those ending in "1" or "2") are declined as adjectives. Cardinals that end in šolaf (3) through cés (9) or in hošor (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (Jef šolafa ęsáj 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (Jef šolaf 'There are three').

Since Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus Nošók bna v bęc 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as Nošók fla bna v ahoda bęc.

Netagin numerals
	n	nth	n each/at a time	n-fold; n-ad	1/n
0	sefor	-	-	-	-
1	ahod (m), ahoda (f)	mehálúdh	halúdhládh	halálédh	-
2	fla (m), flota (f)	megáḥúz	gaḥuzḥáz	gaḥáḥéz	géḥáz
3	šolaf, šolafa	metzábhúl	tzebhulbál	tzebhábhél	tzibál
4	roba, roboha	memháqhútz	meqhutzqátz	meqháqhétz	miqátz
5	chǫs, chǫsa	mepházúmh	pezumhzámh	pezázémh	pizzámh
6	séf, séfa	melábhún	lebhunbán	lebhábhén	libán
7	sóp, sópa	meqhátzúdh	qetzudhtzádh	qetzátzédh	qittzádh
8	fomán, fomána	mecháˁúš	ceˁušˁáš	ceˁáˁéš	céˁáš
9	cés, césa	merápheh	rephuipheh	rephápheh	ripeh
10	hošor, hošora	meḥáchúbh	ḥachubhcábh	ḥacháchébh	ḥicábh
11	ahod v hošor	ḥáchúbh mehálúdh	-	-	-
20	hošory	megháḥúz nḥachúbh	-	-	-
21	hošory v ahod	gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh	-	-	-
30	šolafy	-	-	-	-
40	robohy	-	-	-	-
50	chǫsy	-	-	-	-
60	séfy	-	-	-	-
70	sópy	-	-	-	-
80	fomány	-	-	-	-
90	césy	-	-	-	-
100	meja	mejocí	-	-	-
1000	olop	olpí	-	-	-

Verbs

See also: Verbal subparadigms.

The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.

Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?

Binyan A: kotol

Regular (strong) paradigm

Active

kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel 'kill'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
kotlec
Participle
katel
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	ktol!	ktola!	ktoly!
2.f	ktoli!		ktolna!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	oktol	nektla	nektol
2.m	toktol	cektla	cektly
2.f	toktli		cektolna
3.m	joktol	jektla	jektly
3.f	joktli		jektolna
Imperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	fóktol	fonektla	fonektol
2.m	fotoktol	focektla	focektly
2.f	fotoktli		focektolna
3.m	fojoktol	fojektla	fojektly
3.f	fojoktli		fojektolna
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	kotolok	kotolma	kotolny
2.m	kotolot	kotoltma	kotoltmy
2.f	kotoloc		kotoltna
3.m	kotol	kotola	kotoly
3.f	kotola	kotolota	kotolna
Future I
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	rþi oktol	rþi nektla	rþi nektol
2.m	rþi toktol	rþi cektla	rþi cektly
2.f	rþi toktli		rþi cektolna
3.m	rþi joktol	rþi jektla	rþi jektly
3.f	rþi joktli		rþi jektolna
Future II
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	očun katel	nečuna katla	nečun katly
1.f	očun katla	nečuna katlota	nečun katlác
2.m	točun katel	cečuna katla	cečuny katly
2.f	točuni katla	cečuna katlota	cečunna katlác
3.m	jočun katel	ječuna katla	ječuny katly
3.f	jočuni katla	ječuna katlota	ječunna katlác
Perfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.m	nák katel	náma katla	nány katly
1.f	nák katla	náma katlota	nány katlác
2.m	ǫto katel	ǫtma katla	ǫtmy katly
2.f	ǫc katla	ǫtma katlota	ǫtna katlác
3.m	(hy) katel	(homa) katla	(homy) katly
3.f	(hi) katla	(homa) katlota	(hena) katlác
Pluperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.m	čǫk katel	čanma katla	čanny katly
1.f	čǫk katla	čanma katlota	čanny katlác
2.m	čǫt katel	čǫtma katla	čǫtmy katly
2.f	čǫc katla	čǫtma katlota	čǫtna katlác
3.m	čan katel	čana katla	čany katly
3.f	čana katla	čanota katlota	čanna katlác

Weak paradigm: I-*ʔ

NB. Look at what happens before the second radical.

ocíc, ci, jóci, ocě, ací 'come'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
ocíc
Participle
ací
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	ci!	cě!	cý!
2.f	cí!		cina!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	óci	nécě	néci
2.m	tóci	cécě	cécý
2.f	tócí		cécina
3.m	jóci	jécě	jécý
3.f	jócí		jécina
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	ocěk	ocěma	ocěny
2.m	ocět	ocětma	ocětmy
2.f	ocěc		ocětna
3.m	ocě	ocá	ocý
3.f	ocá	ocáta	ocěna

Weak paradigm: III-*ʔ

NB. Look at what happens after the second radical

nošúc, nošú, jǫšú, nošó, naší 'have'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
nosúc
Participle
naší
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	šú!	šova!	šovy!
2.f	šovi!		šúna!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	ǫšú	nęšova	nęšovy
2.m	tǫšú	cęšova	cęšovy
2.f	tǫšovi		cęšúna
3.m	jǫšú	jęšova	jęšovy
3.f	jǫšovi		jęšúna
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	nošók	nošóma	nošóny
2.m	nošót	nošótma	nošótmy
2.f	nošóc		nošótna
3.m	nošó	nošova	nošovy
3.f	nošova	nošóta	nošóna

šonovec, šní, jošní, šoní, šaní 'be angry at, resent'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
šonovec
Participle
šaní
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	šní!	šně!	šnevy!
2.f	šní!		šnína!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	ošní	nešně	nešní
2.m	tošní	cešně	cešnevy
2.f	tošní		cešnína
3.m	jošní	ješně	ješnevy
3.f	jošní		ješnína
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	šoník	šoníma	šoníny
2.m	šonít	šonítma	šonítmy
2.f	šoníc		šonítna
3.m	šoní	šoně	šonevy
3.f	šoně	šoníta	šonína

Weak paradigm: III-*j

socíc, sec, josci, socě, sací 'drink'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
socíc
Participle
sací
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	sec!	scě!	scý!
2.f	scí!		scina!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	osci	nescě	nesci
2.m	tosci	cescě	cescý
2.f	toscí		cescina
3.m	josci	jescě	jescý
3.f	joscí		jescina
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	socěk	socěma	socěny
2.m	socět	socětma	socětmy
2.f	socěc		socětna
3.m	socě	socá	socý
3.f	socá	socáta	socěna

Weak paradigm: III-*w

monýc, mon, jomny, monu, manev 'count'
Infinitive/Verbal noun
monýc
Participle
manev
Imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural
2.m	mon!	mnova!	mnovy!
2.f	mnovi!		mnyna!
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	omny	nemnova	nemnovy
2.m	tomny	cemnova	cemnovy
2.f	tomnovi		cemnyna
3.m	jomny	jemnova	jemnovy
3.f	jomnovi		jemnyna
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	monúk	monuma	monuny
2.m	monút	monútma	monútmy
2.f	monúc		monútna
3.m	monu	monova	monovy
3.f	monova	monovota	monuna

Usage

Imperative

The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.

The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle c (< 'come') plus the present tense.

C jóci memloč męk.

Let Thy kingdom come.

The imperative is negated with the negative particle la, instead of bol.

La šní li!

Don't be mad at me!

Expressions

• Solám! 'Hello!'
• Tab júm! 'Good day!'
• Taba lěl! 'Good night!'

Texts

Pater noster

Ob menny vy na somájbi!
C jotkódas sem męk.
C jóci memloč męk.
C jepuly roþí męk, ěma na somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.
Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.
V stápu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostápú chotavác nož lony.
V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.
Amen.