User:IlL/Spare pages 1/39

Swadesh list

1. I: in
2. thou: i
3. he/she/it: mi (this.m) mie (this.f), a (that.m), ah (that.f)
4. we: huom (exc), wind (inc)
5. ye: lind
6. they: miu (these m), mir (these f) å (those m), ar (those f)
7. this: mi
8. that: a
9. here: ming
10. there: ang
11. who: ja
12. what: jähl
13. where: jang
14. when: jieb
15. how: jåne
16. not: mei, liens, Quachs
17. all: rei
18. many: uhr
19. some: kieŧ
20. few: ŧich
21. other: mach
22. one: wiem
23. two: descher
24. three: nach
25. four: mul
26. five: nels
27. big: halm
28. long: gau
29. wide: ŧrioch
30. thick: schab
31. heavy: garm
32. small: binŧ
33. short: kasch
34. narrow: bisch
35. thin: đipfer
36. woman: Samm, Sämmer
37. man: Ŧall, Ŧålle
38. human: Wah, Wäher
39. child: Bie, Biehe
40. wife: Heste, Hester
41. husband: Jern, Jörne
42. mother: Ahm, Ähmer
43. father: Ann, Anner
44. animal: Schleck, Schlöcke
45. fish: Hilm, Hülme
46. bird: Ŧehr, Ŧöhret
47. [a common pet]: Rüös, Ruoset
48. insect: Đichli, Đichli
49. snake?
50. worm: Fitt, Fütte
51. tree: Gein, Geiner
52. forest: Rampf, Råmpfe
53. stick: Bachs, Båchse
54. fruit: Nind, Nindet
55. seed: Pfatts, Depfatts
56. leaf: Nitt, Denütte
57. root: Flaun, Flauner
58. bark: Krau, Kraue
59. flower: Näpf, Napfe
60. grass: Knohe, Knöher
61. rope: Geletts, Geletts
62. skin: Spang, Spanget
63. meat/flesh: Ŧeid, Ŧeide
64. blood: Mänz, Manze
65. bone: Anŧ, Anŧet

Place names

Pferstschwiedsschreisterkraubenegelmeichtenđriugeroffelgeschninŧermärtungerßiufschmüsŧenniuberßeigendriuchenfauenŧammersbekiudsgerspuorenwehmergrauchtleimerwåhnetermaugerreiđshauermederjamms - full name of Hauerreberjamms
Hauerreberjamms - capital of Wiobermin
Walsterschmerg
Gertraucherzweidung
Deschrüssmeder
Ingsthanz
Gemastkriebing
Tübederchung
Iosmahrlinde
Geschelinde
Greichŧrister
Uobensbarr
Wuscherŧrungen
Flaŧŧsschmängs
Ämmerbraum
Pfiune - river name

Words

Ŧime 'hand' > dzym1
beŧim 'touch, handle' MGW śym1
Ŧehr 'bird' > dzai1
Ŧepps 'ice' > dzai2
enŧepp 'freeze' > ńyp2
Früngli - farmer
früngs, früngs, Früngs - farm
Huß, Hußer - world
Mauch, Mauchet - ball, sphere > mao5
Wister - unit of length
Stuchs - pace, rhythm
enschläb - lower
enfens - raise
Bezwanns - ladder, scale
bekiod - mourn, grieve
Esch - voice
Dioder - great mountain (Surname)
Descherbast - dvandva

Sound changes

Initials

p > b /ɓ/ high class
sp > p /pʰ/ high class
b > p low class
m > m low class
schm > m high class
w > w low class
schw > w high class
pf > pf high class
f > f high class
enpf, enf > w high class
schm, schw + séimhiú > m, w L
urú
np > b > p L
nb > m > m L
nf > mhf > w L
npf > w L
aspirate mutation
s-m > m H
s-p > p H
s-b > p H
s-w > w H
s-z > tʰ H
t > ɗ H
z > t H
st > tʰ H
d > tʰ L
n > n L
l > l L
schn > n H
schl > l H
z > t H
s > z H
ss > s H

séimhiú:
t-sé > s H
d-sé > s L
z-se > s H

uru:
nt: t̓ʰ H
nd: n L
ns: z H
nss: z H
nl > ł L
nschl > ł H
nschr > ż H

ŧ > dź H
sŧ > ć H
đ > ć L
ŧh > ś H
đh > ś L
nŧ > ć H
nđ > ł L
pl, kl > dź H
spl > ć H
bl, gl > ć L
Npl, Nkl > ć H
Nbl, Ngl > ł L
phl, khl > ś H
bhl, ghl > ś L
ml, schml > ł H, ł L

pr, pfr, tr, kr > dż H
spr, str > cz H
br, dr, gr > cz L
fr, schr > sz H
r > ż L
mr > nz L
schmr > nz H
thr > sz H
dhr > sz L
mhr > ż L?

ntr > cz H
ndr > nz L
nschr, nfr > ż H

palatals

ti, ki > dzi H
sti > ci H
di, gi > ci L
ssi, schi > si H
ni > ni L
schni > ni H
si > zi H
dzi H + se > si H
ci L + se > ni L

nti > ci L
ndi > ni L
nsi, nssi, nschi > zi H


k > g H
g > k L
tes-k > k-H
kh > ch H
gh > ch L
oh and
kn, schng > ng H
gn, ng > ng L
sch > ch H\
nk > k L
ng > ng L
nsch > ng H
wi > zi L
schwi > zi H

Rimes

' = palatalization of dentals, velars and w to palatals

short i > -y-
long i > -'ei, -yC
short e > -y-
long e > -e-
long/short ä > -'a-
long/short ü > -'ư
long/short ö > -ơ
short u > -u-
long u > -y-
long/short o > -u-
long/short å > -o-
short a > -o
long a > -'a
-ie > -'i-
-io > -'u-
-ia > -'o-
-iu > -'ư-
-uo > -u-
-üö > -'ơ
-äu > -e
-au > -au, -uC
-ei > -a

Historical phonology

Proto-Gamedan to Proto-Wiobian

• PGam *h-, *ʔ- > *0
• PGam *z > *h
• PGam *s > *ts
• Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
• "Grimm's law"
  • PGam plain stops become fricatives
  • PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
  • PGam ejective stops become voiced stops

Proto-Wiobian to Classical Wiobian

• Uvulars debuccalize
  • Plain uvular stops /q ɢ/ become /ʔ/
  • Plain uvular fricative /χ/ merges with /x/ into /x~h/
  • Exception: *n + C[+uvular] yields Wiobian ng - This is why final -ng is common in Wiobian
• kʷ qʷ > kʷ, xʷ χʷ > xʷ, gʷ ɢʷ > w

Classical Wiobian

A major source for reconstructing the phonology of Classical Wiobian is borrowings from and into neighboring languages with stable and conservative phonologies, such as Trây. Modern Wiobic lects are also an important guide.

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Consonants

Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to Themsarian, with 22 consonants).

Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)

Late Classical Wiobian consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Click	Velar	Labiovelar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	[ɲ]		ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t, th /t/		ŧ /!/	k /k/	qu /kʷ/	Ø, -ḥ /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/		đ /g!/	g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f~v/	s /sʰ/, ß /s/		sch /ɧ/	ch /x~ɣ/		h /h/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z /ts/
Trill			r /r/
Approximant			l /l/	j, -y /j/			w, -v /w/

n assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.

A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.

In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.

The gemination sign, transcribed as c, is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese sokuon symbol: wecl /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. c only survived as part of the graphemes -ck for long k, and ch [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with h [h] by that time, in view of the fact that Nuß-Duom&Eik lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.

All fricatives (namely f, þ, s, (c)h, ƕ) are voiced between voiced segments. The phonemes /θ/ and /ts/ merged into /s/ in late Classical Wiobian; however, only former /θ/ displays the voicing alternation [s~z].

Final geminated /ç/ is written sch.

Vowels

The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.

Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, Tumm 'bird' and trum 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an -h after the vowel.

Classical Wiobian vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	i /iː/	ü /y/	ü /yː/			u /u/	u /uː/
Close-mid	e /e/	e /eː/	ö /ø/	ö /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	o /oː/
Open-mid	ä /ɛ/	ä /ɛː/					å /ɔ/	å /ɔː/
Open					a /a/	a /aː/

Diphthongs: au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö, pronounced as expected.

Umlaut processes

Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.

i-umlaut:

• a + i > ä
• e + i > i
• o + i > ö
• u + i > ü
• au + i > aü
• io + i > üö
• ia + i > ie
• iu + i > ü

u-umlaut:

• a(:) + u > å(:)
• e + u > ö
• i + u > ü
• io + u > üö
• iu + u > ü

a-umlaut:

• u + a > o
• i + a > e

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Classical Wiobian to Early Middle Wiobian

The development of Classical Wiobian to Middle Wiobian saw tonogenesis and increasing analyticity.

Initials

Classical Wiobian:
Preinitials/Prefixes: C-V-(n/s)-
Initials: s-C-R-

No mutation

C₁[+plosive]-C₂[+obstruent]- > C₂[+obstruent]-

With mutation

V-C > C[+lenition]
N-C > C[+nasalization]
s-C[+obstruent] > C[+obstruent, -voice]
C[+obstruent, -voice]-N > N[-voice]
C[+obstruent, +voice]-N > N[+voice]

Rimes

Stressed environments

Finals after a vowel:

• -b > [-w] + modal
• -f > [-w] + breathy
• -d, -g > + modal
• -þ, -ß, -h, -ch > [-ː] + breathy
• -ɟ > [-j] + modal
• -s > [-j] + breathy
• -l > [-w]/[-j] depending on the vowel + modal
• -r > [-ː] + modal
• -mp > [-m] + glottalized
• -nd > [-n] + glottalized
• -nz > [-ɳ] + glottalized
• -nk > [-ŋ] + glottalized

"Entering tone" finals:

• -p > [-p̚]
• -t > [-t̚]
• -z > [-c̚]
• -k > [-k̚]

Primary stress

This is the part of the Great Wiobian Vowel Shift to Early Middle Wiobian:

/o u/ > /ʊ/
/au ɔː oː/ > /oː/
/uo/ > /uː/
/ɔ/ > /o/
/a/ > /ɔ/
/aː/ > /æː/
/ɛ/ > /æ/ > /a/
/ay/ > /œ̠ː/
/ei/ > /ɪː/

2ndary stress

Not very common, analogized to primary stress due to increasing analyticity. Only occurs with some compound word components that have lost their meaning.

Early Middle Wiobian

The phonological inventory of Middle Wiobian is inferred from rhyme dictionaries, poetry and transcriptions to and from other languages.

Initials

Early Middle Wiobian initials

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	/m̥/	/n̥/	/ɲ̊/	/ŋ̊/
	voiced	/m/	/n/	/ɲ/	/ŋ/
Plosive/Affricate	plain	/p/	/t/	/tɕ/	/k/	/ʔ/
	voiced	/b/	/d/	/dʑ/
	aspirated	/pʰ/	/tʰ/	/tɕʰ/	/kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	/f/	/s/	/ɕ/	/x/
	voiced	/v/	/z/	/ʑ/	/ɣ/
Approximant		/w/	/r/, /r̥/, /l/, /l̥/	/j/

Nuclei

Early Middle Wiobian vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close		ī /iː/		ǖ /yː/				ū /uː/
Near-close	i /ɪ/	ei /ɪː/	ü /ʏ/				o, u /ʊ/	uo /ʊː/
Close-mid	e /e/	ē /eː/	ö /ø/	ȫ /øː/			å /o/	ō /oː/
Open-mid		ǟ /ɛː/		aü /œ̠ː/			a /ɔ/	å̄ /ɔː/
Open		ā /æː/			ä /a/

Coda consonants

The allowed coda consonants are /p t c k m n ɲ ŋ l r w j/, similar to written Khmer or Mường. Plosive finals are unreleased.

Initial alternations of Early Middle Wiobian

In Middle Wiobian, derivational prefixes have become silent but can trigger four types of initial alternations or mutations. (Stressed/non-silent prefixes are bolded.) Compounding causes mutation too at times.

The following tables show the usual outcomes of alternating environments; they are most valid for instances of initials that come from of simpler onsets. Alternations may be blocked for reflexes of certain complex onsets.

Lenition

This mutation is triggered by the prefixes be-, þe-, ger-, i- when the root begins in an aspirated plosive.

Phoneme	/pʰ/	/tʰ/	/tɬʰ/	/ʈʰ/	/tɕʰ/	/kʰ/
Lenited	/v/	/z/	/l/	/ʐ/	/ʑ/	/ɣ/

Nasalization

This mutation is triggered by the prefixes en- and wen-.

Phoneme	/p/	/pʰ/	/f/	/t/	/tʰ/	/s/	/tɬ/	/tɬʰ/	/ɬ//	/ʈ/	/ʈʰ/	/ʂ/	/tɕ/	/tɕʰ/	/ɕ/	/k/	/kʰ/	/w/	/x/	/ʔ/ < *h, *ʔ	/ʔ/ < *q
Nasalized	/b/	/m/	/v/	/d/	/n/	/z/	/dɮ/	/nˡ/	/l/	/ɖ/	/ɳ/	/ʐ/	/dʑ/	/ɲ/	/ʑ/	/ŋ/			/ɣ/, /ŋ/	/m/ or /n/	/ŋ/

Voicing

This mutation is triggered by the prefixes be-, ge-, ger-, i- when the root begins in certain fricatives.

Phoneme	/f/	/s/ <þ>	/ɫ/*	/ʂ/*	/ɕ/	/x/**
Voiced	/v/	/z/	/l/	/ʐ/	/ʑ/	/ɣ/

* Only consistently affected by productive prefixes and compounding (e.g. unstressed prefixes are not productive).
** Has exceptions, where the word takes the last consonant of the prefix as the initial.

Devoicing

This mutation is triggered by the prefixes deß in words beginning with nasals, resonants or aspirated plosives.

Phoneme	/m/	/pʰ/	/n/	/tʰ/	/nˡ/	/tɬʰ/	/l/	/ɳ/	/ʈʰ/	/ʐ/	/ɲ/	/tɕʰ/	/j/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/w/
Devoiced	/m̥/	/p/	/n̥/	/t/	/ɬ/	/tɬ/	/ɬ/	/ɳ̊/	/ʈ/	/ʂ/	/ɲ̊/	/tɕ/	/ɕ/	/ŋ̊/	/k/	/x/

Tones

Every stressed syllable has tone. There are three tones in syllables ending in a vowel or resonant:

• modal tone, counterpart to the Chinese level tone
• glottalized tone, counterpart to the Chinese rising tone
• breathy tone, counterpart to the Chinese departing tone

The breathy tone is used to inflect nouns for case:

Püll /pʰyw/ 'column (nominative)' > Pülls /pʰyjʰ/ 'column (dative)'

Fran 'mark (nominative)' /freːɐ̯n/ > Frans /freːɐ̯ʰn/ 'mark (dative)'

No tone change occurs:

• when a noun was originally a plural noun and thus takes the -ens ending for the dative

Þelort /loːt/ 'era, time (nominative)' > Þelortens /loːt/ 'era (dative)'

• when the noun already has breathy tone

Klisch /klijʰ/ 'prince (nominative)' > Klisches /klijʰ/ 'prince (dative)'

Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian

Initials

palatal > alveolar
Cr > retroflex
Cl > lateral
TONE SPLIT

Vowels

/oː/ > /o/
/uː/ > /ʉ/
/ʊ/ > /u/
/æː/ > /ja/ > /jɔ/
/œ̠ː/ > /ɛ/
/̠ɛː/ > /jæ/ > /ja/
/eː/ > /je/
/ø/ > /ə/
/øː/ > /ø/
/yː/ > /jy/
/iː/ > /ji/
/ie ia io iu yø/ > /jə jɛ jo ju jø/
/ɪː/ > /i/

Coda

/-c/ > /-jk/
/-ɲ/ > /-jŋ/
/-l/ > /-w/ resp. /-j/ depending on [conditions]
/-r/ > /-ː/ resp. /-j/

Late Middle Wiobian

Initials

Late Middle Wiobian initials

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/		/n/	/nˡ/	/ɳ/	/ɲ/	/ŋ/
Plosive/Affricate	plain	/p/	/ts/	/t/	/tɬ/	/ʈʂ/	/tɕ/	/k/	/ʔ/
	aspirated	/pʰ/	/tsʰ/	/tʰ/	/tɬʰ/	/ʈʂʰ/	/tɕʰ/	/kʰ/
Fricative		/f/	/s/		/ɬ/	/ʂ/	/ɕ/	/χ/
Approximant		/w/			/l/	/ʐ/	/j/

Vowels

Late Middle Wiobian vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	plain	iotated	plain	iotated	plain	iotated	plain	iotated
Close	i, ei /ɪ/	ī /jɪ/	ü /ʏ/	ǖ /jʏ/	ū, uo /ʉ/		o, ō, u /u/	iu /ju/
Close-mid	e /e/	ē /je/	ȫ /ø/	üö /jø/	ö /ə/		au, å, å̄, ō /o/	io /jo/
Open-mid	aü /ɛ/	ǟ /jɛ/					a /ɔ/	ia /jɔ/
Open					ä /a/	ā /ja/

After a retroflex consonant iotated vowels lose their iotation, and /i/ resp. /y/ are realized as [ɨ] resp. [ʉ].