Glommish
Vurdbák (Lexicon)
Swadesh list
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| Glommish | |
|---|---|
| þiúsьk | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [/θʲuːsʲk/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Lõis |
| Native to | Thiudland |
| Native speakers | 90 million (2015) |
Indo-European
| |
Glommish (English: /θ(j)uːsk/ thewsk; Þiúsьk: /θʲuːsʲk/, also þe þiúsьke mál /θə ˈθʲuːsʲkə maːɫ/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic (more precisely, Þiúdic) language spoken in Lõis's Þiúsьkland (our Northern France and Western Germany). It has the most speakers of any Germanic language on Lõis. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
Todo
þe vísnys = wisdom
bán = bright (from PGmc bōnaz)
samtíd = together
þe biarnys = patience
biarnysful = patient
þí sambiaryng = compassion
sambiarend = compassionate
þe raven = raven
þí anfar (< *ansvar) = answer
anfarien = to answer
erluzien (+ dat) = to obey
erbaren = to reveal
þí arfe = arrow
þe biór = beer
srang = strict
snióm = rapid
snióen = to hurry (snióen yncz = not rushed; a tempo indication)
só piam et = so be it
handfíle (f) = a little while
liúdlik = popular
Nióíþ (f) = Confucianism (OC no > Tür. nöö)
bacz (m) = beach
þus (conj) = thus, therefore, hence
laże (f) = shelf
haże (f) = hedge
bruże (f) = bridge
muże (f) = mosquito
urlag (m) = fate
sién (m) = intention; meaning (denotation) (~ German Sinn)
rúne (f) = meaning (connotation)
kung (m) = king
vrýþie (f) = revenge
vrýþ (adj) = vengeful
vrist (m) = wrist
vrandie (f) = wren
brúdiegum (m) = bridegroom
valsьk = Venetian Hebrew
juczen = to itch
are (m) = 'eagle'
hovik (m) = 'hawk'
upvichtь (f) = 'buoyancy'
vriáke (f) = 'effect, consequence'
ferpiamen = 'to happen'
sik biangen av = 'to be afraid of'
þí rýnie stamning = 'just intonation'
þe vaż = 'incline'
þe siczel = 'sickle, crescent'
þí valnutie = 'walnut'
þí liúze = 'almond'
þí siczelnutie = 'cashew'
þí jarþenutie = 'peanut'
þí hazelnutie = 'hazelnut'
þí nutie = 'nut'
þe leómmizmór = 'national anthem'
þe mizmór (m) = 'anthem, hymn, psalm'
þe kázь = 'cheese'
þe hýl = 'well-being, health'
furьsanþ = (archaic) "forsooth"
þí orvýdie = work
þe fítlók ("whiteleek") = garlic
dód = dead
ik em sammále = I agree
Tróst anýrьst! = Safety first!
þe tróst = safety, security; tróstich = safe, secure; trósten = to save
anýrьst = first, at first, initially
gażen = again
þe atstand = state (that something is in)
þe dóþ = death
þe lív = life
þe líkám = body; (mathematics) field
þí burþie = birth
gemýnь = mean (adj.)
gemýnlik = shared, in common
awj > ój: srójen 'sow', fróje 'queen'
þe szczip = 'ship'
-skapie = '-ship'
þe fínd = 'enemy'
þe fríend = 'friend'
þí fríendskapie = 'friendship'
þe ízer = 'iron'
-í (stressed): Hebrew nisba adjectives (leumí = 'national'; yn leumíe fírdag 'a national holiday')
þe avsun = 'bastard son; son of a bitch'
þe friuþ = 'peace'
liúdie, liúdiem, liúdie = 'people'
þe andь = 'end'
þí ýre (f) = 'honor'
Ýrland = 'Ireland'
triú = 'loyal'
þí triúe = 'loyalty'
þanczen út, þachtie út, útþacht = 'make up'
þe vý = 'woe'
þí tale = 'number'
þí attale = 'number (as data point or statistical figure)'
þe mispár = 'number (as identifier)'
ferbióden, ferbód, ferbuden = forbid, prohibit
Þí útþanczing isь ferbuden in þier tidrószet! = 'Making things up (or: imagination) is not allowed in the academia!'
kniéfat, kniéfor, kniéfár, kniéfanь, kniéfí = 'something, someone, somewhere, sometime, somehow'
havien up = 'lift'
þe rivь = 'rib'
liáten tá = 'to allow'
þe vilie = 'will'
þí máþ = 'unmarried/virgin woman, maiden'
ferszúken = 'to market'
þí nódie = 'dire straits, poverty'
þe nódiefal = 'emergency'
þí aże = 'corner, vertex'
þe þríaż, þe fióraż, ... = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'
þí tídie = 'time'
þe gidán (< Heb. ngidån) = 'era/epoch'
þe járhunderþ = 'Lõisian century (120-year period)'
þe jártién = 'decade'
þe jár = 'year'
þe miáneþ = 'month'
þí vike = 'week'
þí stunde = 'hour'
þí tíme = 'minute'
þí szníe = 'second'
þí getídie = 'tide/one tidal cycle'
þe murgen = 'morning'
þe aftermiddag = 'afternoon'
þe jévenþ = 'evening'
þí nachtie = 'night'
þe tvíliócht = 'twilight'
þí járstídie = 'season'
þe lantь = 'spring'
þe vazer = 'spring' (poetic)
þe sumer = 'summer'
þe harfьst = 'autumn'
þe vinter = 'winter'
Orthography
Native script
The native script, called þe þiúsьke vritь, is a descendant of Germanic runic alphabet.
Cyrillization
Vowels in stressed syllables:
a á ia/ja iá/já e é ie/je ié/jé y ý i í o ó io/jo ió/jó u ú iu/ju iú/jú ъ ь = а а: я я: э э: е е: ы ы: и и: о о: ё ё: у у: ю ю: ъ ь
Unstressed e ie = э е
Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d ż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д ж г ф с ѳ ш х һ в з л р -й
Vowels after cz, ż, sz: cza cze czi czo czu = чя че чи чё чю
Ále mansьken sinь buren frí ok javen an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь mid ferstande ok gevitene bieżávd ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfьste in ande bráþierhýder.
А:лэ манськэн синь бурэн фри: ок явэн ан вурѳе ок анряхтэм. Си: синь мид фэрстандэ ок гэви:тэнэ бежа:вд ок ѳурвэн бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьстэ ин андэ бра:ѳерһы:дэр.
Phonology
Like many European languages on Lõis, Glommish phonology is characterized by pairs of hard and soft consonants.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | ||||
| Nasal | m m | mь mʲ | n n̪ | nь nʲ | |||||||
| Stop | voiceless | p p | pь pʲ | t t̪ | tь tʲ | kь kʲ | k k | (ʔ) | |||
| voiced | b b | bь bʲ | d d̪ | dь dʲ | gь gʲ | g g | |||||
| Affricate | c ts | cь tsʲ | cz tʃ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f f | fь fʲ | s s | sь sʲ | þ θˠ | þ θʲ | sz ʃ | chь, hь ç | ch x | h h |
| voiced | v v | vь vʲ | z z | zь zʲ | ż ʒ | ||||||
| Resonant | r ɾ | rь ɾʲ | l ɫ | lь lʲ | j j | ||||||
/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native Glommish. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans:
- skiél /sʲkʲeːɫ/ 'happening, situation' (from Irish scéal 'story')
- giaránen /gʲaˈɾaːnən/ 'to grumble' (from Irish gearán 'complain, accuse')
- tsadek /tsadək/ 'Jupiter'
Some educated speakers use the glottal stop [ʔ] in Hebrew loanwords where two vowels occur consecutively. This is not phonemic, however.
Orthographical notes:
- The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
- /ɫ/ is vocalized after a vowel to [o] or [ʊ], and al and ál are both pronounced [ɑo].
- The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.
- Notes
- Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ].
- In fast speech, hard /ɾ/ tends to become [ɹ] word-finally.
Vowels
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. y ý can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of i í.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | (y /ɨ/) | (ý /ɨː/) | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | (e [ə]) | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
| Open | a /a/ | á /ɑː/ | ||||
Word-initially i and í are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː]. ý may variously be pronounced [iː], [ɨː], or [eː] depending on the region.
Dialects
One with trap-bath split?
- before /v θ s z/; hazel > házel
Morphology
Nouns
Like German, Glommish has 4 cases; however, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine and feminine (the neuter has merged with the masculine).
- The dative plural always ends in -em.
- The genitive plural always ends in -e for non-weak nouns.
- Nouns with the nominative plural in -er are always feminine. The converse is usually true except for a few nouns.
- For the masculine genitive singular, -es is used if the final consonant is t, d, s, z, þ or their soft counterparts. Otherwise -s is used.
Articles
Glommish uses the indefinite article yn and the definite article þe. The indefinite article is also used in the plural for indefinite amounts ("some" or "a few"), as in Spanish.
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | þe | þí | þí |
| dat. | þem | þier | þím |
| gen. | þes | þier | þier |
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | yn | ne | ne |
| dat. | nem | ner | nem |
| gen. | yns | ner | ner |
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | þiz | þize | þize |
| dat. | þizem | þizer | þizem |
| gen. | þizes | þizer | þizer |
Declined likewise are:
- jén 'that'
- the possessive determiners mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín
Masculine consonant nouns
| vulf (m.) 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þe vulf | þí vulfe |
| Dative | þem vulfe | þím vulfem |
| Genitive | þes vulfs | þier vulfe |
| bazь (m.) 'berry' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þe bazь | þí bazie |
| Dative | þem bazie | þím baziem |
| Genitive | þes bazies | þier bazie |
| sun (m.) 'son' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þe sun | þí sunie |
| Dative | þem sune | þím suniem |
| Genitive | þes suns | þier sunie |
| lamb (f.) 'lamb' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí lamb | þí lambier |
| Dative | þier lamb | þím lambiem |
| Genitive | þier lamber | þier lambie |
| vinczel (m.) 'angle' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þe vinczel | þí vinczle |
| Dative | þem vinczle | þím vinczlem |
| Genitive | þes vinczels | þier vinczle |
n-stems
Declined like weak adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.
| name (m.) 'name' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þe name | þí namen |
| Dative | þem namenь | þím namem |
| Genitive | þes namenь | þier namen |
Also: ave 'river', biare 'bear', funie 'fire', hiarte 'heart', knave 'slave', mage 'stomach, maw', vatie 'water', ýriene 'copper'. [ave can also be declined like a feminine noun.]
Vowel stems
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -yng (deverbal noun) or -hýd (abstract noun) also belong to this class, and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
| naze (f.) 'nose' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí naze | þí nazer |
| Dative | þier naze | nazem |
| Genitive | þier nazer | þier naze |
| żáve (f.) 'gift' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí żáve | þí żáver |
| Dative | þier żáve | þím żávem |
| Genitive | þier żáver | þier żáve |
| sundie (f.) 'guilt' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí sundie | þí sundier |
| Dative | þier sundie | þím sundiem |
| Genitive | þier sundier | þier sundie |
| starcze (f.) 'strength, starch' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí starcze | þí starczer |
| Dative | þier starcze | þím starczem |
| Genitive | þier starczer | þier starcze |
| riaknyng (f.) 'bottom line, result' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí riaknyng | þí riaknynger |
| Dative | þier riaknyng | þím riaknyngem |
| Genitive | þier riaknynger | þier riaknynge |
| honde (f.) 'hand' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | þí honde | þí hondier |
| Dative | þier honde | þím hondiem |
| Genitive | þier honder | þier hondie |
Grab bag
| r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fadier | fadrie |
| Dative | fadrie | fadriem |
| Genitive | fadiers | fadrie |
Also: bráþier 'brother'.
| r-stem: mádier (f.) 'mother' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | mádier | mádrier |
| Dative | mádrie | mádriem |
| Genitive | mádrier | mádrie |
Also: sviestier 'sister', duchtier 'daughter'.
Adjectives
Declension
Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.
For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used:
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nom. | gáde | gáden |
| dat. | gádenь | gádem |
| gen. | gádenь | gáden |
Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nom. | skónie | skónien |
| dat. | skónienь | skóniem |
| gen. | skónienь | skónien |
Degree
The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes -ier and -ьst (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -żt, -szt, d/t/z/s + -st > d/t/z/s + -iest): svát, svátier, svátiest 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.
Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually þe/þí X-ste is used predicatively. Example: Mín tat isь þe baste = 'My dad is the best'
svinþ = 'very'
tá = 'too'
jám X als = 'as X as'
X-ier nisь = 'more X than'
þe/þí X-ste av = 'the most X of'
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gád, vial (adv.) | batier | bast |
| "bad" | druk | virsier* | virьst* |
| "much, many" | miczel, micz (not declined) | mýr | mýst |
| "few, little" | fó | miénier | miénьst |
* For the "evil" meaning, regular comparative and superlative forms: druczer, druczt
Pronouns
Personal
The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.
et only survives as a dummy pronoun referring to statements or events: Ik bielóve et yncz 'I don't believe it (a statement)'
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | reflexive | impersonal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||||||||
| nom. | ik | þú | er | sí | et | bír | úr | sí | - | sum |
| acc. | mik | þik | ín | í | et | unsь | ú | í | sik | sumen |
| dat. | mir | þir | jam | jar | - | unsь | ú | ím | sir | sume |
| gen. | mín | þín | jas | jar | - | unsier | úrer | jar | sín | sín |
bír comes from earlier vír which assimilated to the verb ending -em in inverted constructions: (jatem vír 'we eat' > jatem bír).
The impersonal pronoun sum in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: Sum gáþ! 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)
Possessive pronouns
To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of unsier and úrer become unsь- and úr- when a suffix is added. The reflexive sín is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while jas or jar refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.
Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: Þe siag isь unsier! 'Victory is ours!'
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | mín þín sín jas jar unsier úrer |
míne þíne síne jase jare unsie úre |
míne þíne síne jase jare unsie úre |
| dat. | mínem þínem sínem jasem jarem unsiem úrem |
míner þíner síner jaser jarer unsier úrer |
mínem þínem sínem jasem jarem unsiem úrem |
| gen. | míns þíns síns jases jars unsies úrs |
míner þíner síner jaser jarer unsier úrer |
míner þíner síner jaser jarer unsier úrer |
Demonstrative
- þiz = this; jén = that
- for, fan, fam, fiase = who; fat = what
- fanь = when
- fí = how; sá = like this/that, so, thus
- fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
- fárup = why
- filьke = which
- salьke = such
- ale = all, every
- ale X ok X = each and every X
Adpositions
Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative
- an = (high register) on, upon; to, unto
- biefur = before, in front of
- at = at
- in = in
- uvier = over
- up = on
Prepositions taking the accusative
- furь = for
- gaszt = towards
- sunder = without
- þruch = through
- um = around
- viþ = against
Prepositions taking the dative
- av = off, from
- bí = of, at, in, chez
- mid = with
- ta = to (Note: ta + þem, þier > tam, tar)
- út = out of
- úter = except
Prepositions taking the genitive
- saker = because of
Verbs
Verbs have undergone some simplifications. For example:
- There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
- The past subjunctive has disappeared as a distinct form except viárie 'were, would be' and żenie 'would'. Modal verbs often use the past form for the past subjunctive.
Weak verbs
For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i) or a hard consonant other than k, g, ch; -di- is added otherwise. Past participles are similar.
Hard weak
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | lióve | lióver | lióveþ | lióvem | lióveþ | lióvenь |
| subjunctive | lióve | lióver | lióve | lióvem | lióveþ | lióvenь |
| past | lióvedь | lióvedie | lióvedь | lióvediem | lióvedieþ | lióvedienь |
| imperative | - | lióv! / lióve! | - | - | lióveþ! | - |
| present participle | lióvend | |||||
| past participle | lióved | |||||
Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'
Soft weak
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | varmie | varmier | varmieþ | varmiem | varmieþ | varmienь |
| subjunctive | varmie | varmier | varmie | varmiem | varmieþ | varmienь |
| past | varmiedь | varmiedie | varmiedь | varmdiem | varmdieþ | varmdienь |
| imperative | - | varmь! / varmie! | - | - | varmieþ! | - |
| present participle | varmiend | |||||
| past participle | varmied | |||||
Other examples: orvýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sażen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ránien 'execute, set into motion'; bránien 'burn (transitive)'; lażen 'lay'; vunszczen 'wish'
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brinżen, brachtь, bracht 'bring'; bużen, buchtь, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þachtь, þacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
Strong verbs
Strong class 1
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | bíte | bítier | bítieþ | bítem | bítieþ | bítenь |
| subjunctive | bíte | bíter | bíte | bítem | bíteþ | bítenь |
| past | bit | bite | bit | bitem | biteþ | bitenь |
| imperative | - | bítь! / bítie! | - | - | bítieþ! | - |
| present participle | bítend | |||||
| past participle | biten | |||||
Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', dríven, driv, driven 'walk', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', vríten, vrit, vriten 'write'
Strong class 2
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | czóze | czózier | czózieþ | czózem | czózieþ | czózenь |
| subjunctive | czóze | czózer | czóze | czózem | czózeþ | czózenь |
| past | kóz | kóze | kóz | kózem | kózeþ | kózenь |
| imperative | - | czózь! / czózie! | - | - | czózieþ! | - |
| present participle | czózend | |||||
| past participle | kuzen | |||||
Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', biógen, bóg, bugen 'bow', fliógen, flóg, flugen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friózen, fróz, fruzen 'freeze'
Strong class 3
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | binde | bindier | bindieþ | bindem | bindieþ | bindenь |
| subjunctive | binde | binder | binde | bindem | bindeþ | bindenь |
| past | band | bande | band | bandem | bandeþ | bandenь |
| imperative | - | bindь! / bindie! | - | - | bindieþ! | - |
| present participle | bindend | |||||
| past participle | bunden | |||||
Also: bieżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; briénen, brán, brónen 'burn (intransitive)'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finþen, fanþ, funþen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; riénen, rán, rónen 'flow, run'; springen, sprang, sprungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, samb, sumben 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; þrimben, þramb, þrumben 'push'.
Strong class 4
In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | biare | bierier | bierieþ | biarem | bierieþ | biarenь |
| subjunctive | biare | biarer | biare | biarem | biarþ | biarenь |
| past | bar | bare | bar | barem | barþ | barenь |
| imperative | - | bierь! / bierie! | - | - | bierieþ! | - |
| present participle | biarend | |||||
| past participle | buren | |||||
Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', piamen, pam, pumen 'come', stialen, stal, stulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'long (for)'
Strong class 5
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | żave | żevier | żevieþ | żavem | żevieþ | żavenь |
| subjunctive | żave | żaver | żave | żavem | żaveþ | żavenь |
| past | gav | gave | gav | gavem | gaveþ | gavenь |
| imperative | - | żevь! / żevie! | - | - | żevieþ! | - |
| present participle | żavend | |||||
| past participle | żaven | |||||
Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit', ferżaten, fergat, ferżaten 'forget', liazen, laz, liazen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', lieżen, lag, liagen 'lie'
Strong class 6
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | grave | gravier | gravieþ | gravem | gravieþ | gravenь |
| subjunctive | grave | graver | grave | gravem | graveþ | gravenь |
| past | gráv | gráve | gráv | grávem | gráveþ | grávenь |
| imperative | - | gravь! / gravie! | - | - | gravieþ! | - |
| present participle | gravend | |||||
| past participle | graven | |||||
Also: slagen, slág, slagen 'kill', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Strong class 7
hýten, hít, híten - to be called
stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter
halden, hiald, hialden - to hold
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
Preterite-present verbs
viten 'to know'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | výt | výt | výt | vitem | viteþ | vitenь |
| subjunctive | vite | viter | vite | vitem | viteþ | vitenь |
| past | vistь | vistie | vistь | vistiem | vistieþ | vistienь |
| imperative | - | výt! / výte! | - | - | viteþ! | - |
| present participle | vitend | |||||
| past participle | vist | |||||
kunen 'can, be able to'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | kan | kan | kan | kunem | kunþ | kunenь |
| subjunctive | kune | kuner | kune | kunem | kuneþ | kunenь |
| past | kundь | kundie | kundь | kundiem | kundieþ | kundienь |
Similarly skulen 'shall, should', þurven 'have to'.
dóren 'dare'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | dóre | dórer | dórþ | dórem | dórþ | dórenь |
| subjunctive | dóre | dórer | dóre | dórem | dóreþ | dórenь |
| past | durstь | durstie | durstь | durstiem | durstieþ | durstienь |
The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:
- Fí durstie þú... = How dare you...
- Ik durstь yncz erbaren þí ansvar. = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.
mogen 'may, have a possibility of'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | mag | mag | mag | mogem | mogeþ | mogenь |
| subjunctive | moge | moger | moge | mogem | mogeþ | mogenь |
| past | mochtь | mochtie | mochtь | mochtiem | mochtieþ | mochtienь |
máten 'be permitted to'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | mát | mát | mát | mátem | máteþ | mátenь |
| subjunctive | máte | máter | máte | mátem | máteþ | mátenь |
| past | mástь | mástie | mástь | mástiem | mástieþ | mástienь |
vín 'want'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | ví | ví | ví | vím | víþ | vínь |
| subjunctive | vilie | vilier | vilie | viliem | vilieþ | vilienь |
| past | vildь | vildie | vildь | vildiem | vildieþ | vildienь |
Other irregular verbs
bión 'be'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | ém | jer | isь | sim | siþ | sinь |
| subjunctive | bió | biór | bió | bióm | bióþ | biónь |
| past | vas | vast | vas | viárem | viárþ | viárenь |
| past subjunctive | viárь | viárie | viárь | viáriem | viárieþ | viárienь |
| imperative | - | bió! | - | - | bióþ! | - |
| present participle | biónd | |||||
| past participle | viáren | |||||
dán 'do'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | dá | dár | dáþ | dám | dáþ | dánь |
| subjunctive | dá | dár | dá | dám | dáþ | dánь |
| past | dié | diést | dié | diém | diéþ | diénь |
| imperative | - | dá! | - | - | dáþ! | - |
| present participle | dánd | |||||
| past participle | dán | |||||
gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | gá | gár | gáþ | gám | gáþ | gánь |
| subjunctive | gá | gár | gá | gám | gáþ | gánь |
| past indicative | żang | żange | żang | żangem | żangeþ | żangenь |
| past subjunctive1 | żenь | żenie | żenь | żeniem | żenieþ | żenienь |
| imperative | - | gá! | - | - | gáþ! | - |
| present participle | gánd | |||||
| past participle | żangen | |||||
1 Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.
Also: fán, fiang, fiangen - to get, to obtain
Derivational morphology
- -ten: verbalizing suffix; used with Hebrew VNs or other foreign words to import them
- hafgolten = 'to function' < (hafŋålå 'to operate')
- bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
- -bier: '-able'
- -czen (m): diminutive
- þe kotczen 'kitten' < þe kot 'cat'
- -dám (m): "-dom"
- end-: 'de-, dis-'
- endýren: 'dishonor'
- er-: telic
- fer-: "for-"
- fur-: "fore-"
- -ful: "-ful"
- ge-: intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective suffix
- A false example: geliór ('galore', from Irish go leor)
- -hýd /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
- sialvhýd: 'identity'
- -í: Hebrew nisba suffix for adjectives
- -ich: "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
- ýnóżich: 'one-eyed' < ýn 'one' + óge 'eye'
- kaldhiertich: 'coldhearted'
- -iel: forms nouns
- þe lapiel: 'spoon'
- þe katiel: 'kettle'
- -elen: -le, German -eln (frequentative verbs)
- -lóz: "-less"
- andielóz: 'endless' < þe andь 'end'
- -ling (m): -ling
- -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
- dażlik 'daily' < þe dag 'day'
- vurdlik 'literal' < þe vurd 'word'
- mis-: "mis-"
- misdiád: "misdeed, misdemeanor"
- -nys: forms nouns from verbs
- -nie: feminine suffix
- þí lýrernie 'teacher (female)' < þe lýrerь 'teacher'
- þí fuksnie 'vixen' < þe fuks 'fox'
- sam-: equi-
- samvierþich "equivalent"
- samvarmich "isothermal"
- samgeskapich "isomorphic"; samgeskapyng "isomorphism"
- -sam: "-some"
- ýnsam 'lonely' < ýn 'one'
- gefiársam 'dangerous' < þí gefiár 'danger'
- výsam 'woeful' < þe vý 'woe'
- -sьk: "-ish"
- -skapie: group of people
- simbskapie = chorus
- tier-: German zer-
- un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
- þí unróe 'unrest, unease'
- ur-
- þe urdýlь 'doom' < dýlь 'part'
- -yng/-ing: forms nouns from verbs
- þí sriályng 'radiation' < sriálen 'shine, radiate'
- þí hýting 'heating' < hýtien 'to heat'
Syntax
Glommish word order is V2 and is similar to Icelandic.
Negation
The negative particle is yncz and is used like negative particles in typical Germanic languages.
- Drincz yncz þe vatie, er isь fúl!
- Don't drink the water, it's dirty!
Possession
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þí żáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: míns fadiers żáve.
For predicative possession Glommish, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: Et isь at mir tvý sunie. "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish Tá dhá mhac agam)
Simple tenses
Simple present
The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present.
- Ik biange mik av nadrem ok gakrávem.
- I'm afraid of snakes and scorpions.
Simple past
The simple past is like the English simple past.
Subjunctive
The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.
- Ik ví þat er blýve mid mir.
- I want him to stay with me.
Imperative
Exactly what it says on the tin.
Compound tenses
The compound tenses have received strong Celtic influence. Unlike in other Germanic languages, the past participle is not used grammatically.
Progressive
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive, and the infinitive is put at the end of the clause. An object of the verb becomes the possessor of the verbal noun.
- Ik ém at jaten þes apels. "I am eating the apple." (lit. I am at the apple's eating, like Irish Táim ag ith an úill)
Perfect
The perfect is used like the English perfect. Formed similarly to the progressive, but with after instead of at.
- Ik ém after jaten þes apels. "I have eaten the apple." (lit. I am after the apple's eating, cf. Hiberno-English)
Future
Clauses
Conjunctions
- ok = and
- jeþ = or
- nierь = but
- þóch = although
- þá, als (literary) = when
- vaþier... eþ... = either... or...
- niáþier... nok... = neither... nor...
- saker = because
- þat = that (can be used with moge + infinitive (present) or mochtь + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
- Ik erklýnie et, þat anþere mogen ferstanden. = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'
- Ik erklýndь et, þat anþere mochtien ferstanden. = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'
- iv = if (used for conditions that could be true, like Irish má; also used in indirect questions; from *jabai)
- sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions, like Irish dá; from *sagdēdī "if it were said")
- þánь = then
- nisь = than
Relative clauses
Glommish relative clauses use the relativizer þat, and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument.
The þár- words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.
- þí piane þat ik gav jar fáde = 'the woman I gave food to' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
- Or: þí piane jar ik gav fáde
- þe urd þat ik rán þárav or þe urd þárav ik rán = 'the place I ran from'
Exclamatory inversion
- Hund, isь aldýrsьk mesuboch!
- Boy, is Old Irish complicated!
Numbers
Glommish uses a base-120 numeral system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred).
0-10: afs, ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién /afs, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/
11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲinftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/
20-110: tvýntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ýlftich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./
21, 22, ...: ýn-an-tvýntich, tvý-an-tvýntich, ...
120: hunderþ /hundərθ/
14400: revove /rə'vɔvə/
Ordinal numbers are formed with -te or -þe (weak declension): afsþe, ýrste, tvýþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...
Vocabulary
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes):
Þe druke map isь at ferbýtren þe móre ave. = the bad boy is crossing the big river.
Phrasebook
- Hýl! = 'Hello!'
- Hýl þir! = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person)
- Hýl ú! = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person)
- Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie! = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
- Vilьpumen! = 'Welcome!'
- ivúfál (formal OR to more than one person) / ivþirfál (informal AND to one person) = 'please'
- Þank! = 'Thank you!'
- Rió isь mir. = 'I'm sorry.'
- Fí hýtieþ úr? = 'What is your name?'
- Ik hýte ... = 'My name is ...'
- Fans piemieþ úr? = 'Where are you from?'
- Ik piame út... = 'I'm from ...'
- Þiúsьkland. = 'Thiuskland.'
- Ýreland. = 'Ireland.'
- Kamberland. = 'Wales.'
- Rótsland. = 'Rotsland.'
- Sómland. = 'Finland.'
- Isь at ú ... = 'Do you speak ...'
- ... ýrsьk? = '... Irish?'
- ... kambersьk? = '... L-Welsh?'
- ... valsьk? = '... Venetian Hebrew?'
- karniesьk? = Cornish?
- ... tiursьk? = '... Türiit?'
- ... teryczk? = '... Cascadian Turkic?'
- Já. = 'Yes.'
- Já, ú máteþ. = 'Yes, you may.'
- Ný. = 'No.'
- At mir isь yncz þiúsьk. = 'I can't speak Þiúsьk.'
- Mát ik ú þúten? = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using þú)?'
- Isь þat sanþ? = 'Is that true?'
Names
TODO: P-Celtic names
- Arez (m.) (Hebrew "cedar")
- Biarhard (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)
- Ehúve /ʔəˈhu:və/ (f.) (Hebrew ʔəhuvɔ, "loved (f.)"; cf. Amanda)
- Emet /ʔəˈmɛt/ (f.) (Hebrew ʔəmɛt "truth")
- Emitáj /ʔəmʲɪˈtɑ:j/ (m.) (ʔəmitåy "Amittai")
- Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr)
- Gýr- ("spear")
- Gýrhard (~ Gerhard)
- Gýrъhildь (~ Gerhilde)
- Hazel /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
- Hildie /çɪlʲdʲə/, -hildь (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
- Hochme (f.) (Hebrew "wisdom", cf. Sophia)
- Kól (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
- Machtildь (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
- Onlýv (m.) (~ Olaf)
- Priten (m.) (~ Brittany)
- Sanþie /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
- Siag- ("victory")
- Siagfriuþ, Siaghildь, ...
- Svýn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
- Þuner (m.) (*Þunraz)
- Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
- Vulf /vʊɫf/ (m.)
Elements
Elements are masculine.
- vatiestuf = hydrogen
- szamszán = helium
- kalán = lithium
- palьstuf = nitrogen
- súrstuf = oxygen
- natrán = sodium
- liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
- sviál = sulfur
- ýriene = copper
- siulver = silver
- tin = tin
- fítguld = platinum
- guld = gold
- piksiulver = mercury (element)
- bliú = lead
Sample texts
Featured language banner
- Þiz spriakmál vas ýns forrítied.
- This language was once featured.
- Þank jaser upmiátar fullikhýder, fínhýder ok brúklikhýder stamnidie sum ta forrítien ín.
- Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.
VENI, VIDI, VICI
- Ik pam, ik só, ik siagdь.
- I came, I saw, I conquered.
UDHR, Article 1
- Ále mansьken sinь buren frí ok javen an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok gevitie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in ande bráþierhýder.
- [ˈaɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən an ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲɪtʲɪ ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲsʲtə jɪn andə ˈbraːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ]
- All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Gettysburg Address
Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren an þizem jarþedýlie ne niúe ume, tiúszt in fríhýd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnese þat ale mansьken sinь skafen gelík.