Verse:Irta/English
| English | |
|---|---|
| Inglish | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/] |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | Verse:Lõis |
Indo-European
| |
English in the Lõis timeline is an Azalic language: it is an Indo-European language with pretty much exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different (in particular not descending from Proto-Germanic) history and orthography. (Also there are no loans from other Germanic languages, such as schadenfreude.)
It is part of a sprachbund with Togarmite, Modern An Bhlaoighne and L-Persian.
Diachronics
PTTA to Middle TT-English
Middle TT-English to Modern TT-English
Orthography
uon, tô, thrê, phuor, phîv, six, sevn, aiht, nyn, ten
O Captin! My Captin! ûr phiêrphul trip is dôn;
Ðe ship has weđrd evrih rac, đe prise uê suht is wun;
Ðe port is niêr, đe bels ih hiêr, đe pơpul al exsulting,
Huîl pholo eihs đe stedih kêl, đe vessl grim and dâring;
But O hart! hart! hart!
O đe blêding drops of red,
Huer on đe dec my captin lihs,
Phalen cold and diêd.
pelth₂óm > PPTA pheldă > phêld "field"
Accents
There are 4 to 5 main dialects of English.
The "Philly-Estuary-Ashkenazi" continuum
Quasi-Flulfia
| Vowel phoneme | Quasi-Philly | L-Standard | Ashkenazi-esque accent |
|---|---|---|---|
| KIT | from | ||
| démóqráṭyáhN | democracy | ||
| cimúnáh | hero/ine, protector | ||
| qatzónN | time | ||
| yemhúl | cruel | ||
| ˁán | come (verb) | ||
| ˀadáˀ | we (plural nominative) | See Netagin#Pronouns. | |
| yarríz | remember in [someone] (verb) | ||
| hí | her/him (accusative) | ||
| ledhóph | remember (verb) | ||
| miršíaḥN | the small | ||
| miṭhlémhN | the big | ||
| midhthíbhN | the everyday thing, the mundane | ||
| ˀayyó... dó... | the more... the more... | fixed expression | |
| ˀátháiN | our (genitive of ˀadá) | ||
| ha-L | topic/vocative particle | ||
| tzadhéráhN | strength | ||
| nibhzér | decrease, diminish (verb) | ||
| tzam | mind | ||
| šáph | must (verb) | ||
| nirpél | become firm, resolute (verb) | ||
| ˁeghamhN | heart | ||
| niṭhḥétz | strive (verb) | ||
| ṭaˁšónN | courage | ||
| nigcémh | grow (verb) | ||
| ˀéiN | what, relativizer | ||
| bíláh | lady | ||
| déiN | of that, of it (genitive) | ||
| harmétz | inform (verb) | ||
| ˀemaḥN | sea, ocean | ||
| ˀaph | even if, although | ||
| ḥémh | be | ||
| coˁoní | eternally | ||
| mimúchál | dark, darkened (participle) | ||
| bézalN | cloud | ||
| ˀánímN | your, thy (genitive of ˀanní) | ||
| ˀelláˀ | not (free negation) | ||
| namhaḥ | can, may | ||
| nimhcél | darken (intransitive) | ||
| ˁághúrL | differently from, unlike | ||
| nitznébh | become bright, enlightened (verb) | ||
| zemhal | person | ||
| ha-N | focus particle | ||
| dámh | thus, so, such | ||
| ˀalan | say | ||
| methóˁábh | abominable, despicable | ||
| náphíaˁ | some | ||
| ˁaráh | have | ||
| méghatháhN | deed, fact (also participle) | ||
| háiN | their (genitive of henná) | ||
| besícháhN | atrocity | ||
| ˀich | optative particle | ||
| núr | not (prohibitive) | ||
| namá | happen, befall (verb) | ||
| ˀel | without | ||
| mizmáláhN | human agency/intention | ||
| qéphaˁ | comrade | ||
| dimL | hope partcle | ||
| nighnér | remain, be located (verb) | ||
| tzádhúr | strong | ||
| šáphún | proud | ||
| tzúnábh | enlightened |
L-Standard English
Californian + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhoticity in idiolectal or free variation.
Vowels
- KIT = ɪ~ɪ̈
- DRESS = ɛ̞
- TRAP = BATH = a
- PALM = ɑː
- FOOT = ɘ
- STRUT = ɜ̟~ɐ
- LOT = CLOTH = ɔ~ɒ
- THOUGHT = ɔː~ɒː
- FLEECE = iː~ɪj
- FACE = ɛɪ
- PRICE = aɪ~ɑɪ
- GOOSE = yː; uː before [ɫ]
- GOAT = əʊ~əʏ; oʊ before [ɫ]
- MOUTH = aʊ~æʊ~æʏ
- NEAR = ɪə(r)
- SQUARE = ɛə(r)
- NURSE = əː(r)~ɜː(r)
- START = ɑː(r)
- NORTH = FORCE* = POOR = oə(r)
- CURE = joə(r)~jəː(r)~jɜː(r)
- lettER = commA = ə(r)
- happY = i
- orange = [ɒɹɪndʒ~ɔɹɪndʒ]
- Mary [mɛəɹi] ≈ merry [mɛɹi] ≠ marry [maɹi]
- Mirror-nearer distinction
- Hurry-furry distinction
- No mergers before /l/
* L-English Jews speaking in an L-Standard English accent tend to not have the horse-hoarse merger, pronouncing horse (NORTH) as [hɔəɹs] and hoarse (FORCE) as [həʊəɹs~həʏəɹs].
Consonants
- L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
- wholly-holy split.
- No glottal reinforcement before stops.
- /p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
- /d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
- wine-whine merger optional.
- /r/ may be [ʋ] between vowels.
Ashkenazi Hebrew accent
Not a specifically Jewish accent; but when L-English Jews read Hebrew in it, it sounds just like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from oh woe /øɪ vøɪ/)
This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent.
- KIT = ɪ
- DRESS = ɛ
- TRAP = BATH = a
- PALM = ɑː
- FOOT = STRUT = ʏ
- LOT = CLOTH = THOUGHT = o
- FLEECE = iː
- FACE = ɛɪ~æɪ
- PRICE = ɑɪ~ɒɪ
- GOOSE = uː
- GOAT = CHOICE = oɪ~øʏ
- MOUTH = aʏ~aʊ
- NEAR = FLEECE + ʀ
- SQUARE = FACE + ʀ
- NURSE = əʀ
- START = TRAP + ʀ
- NORTH = LOT + ʀ (the "horse" vowel)
- FORCE = GOAT + ʀ (the "hoarse" vowel)
- POOR = GOOSE + ʀ
- CURE = juʀ
- lettER = əʀ
- commA = ə
- happY = i
- Mary [mɛɪʀi] ≠ merry [mɛʀi] ≠ marry [maʀi]
- mirror [mɪʀəʀ] ≠ nearer [niʀəʀ]
- hurry [hʏʀɪ] ≠ furry [fəʀɪ]
- /w/ = [v]
- /l/ is always light
- /r/ = [ʀ~ʁ]
- /s/ = Basque z
- /θ/ = Basque s
- /ð/ = [d]
- Stops are unaspirated
[ol hu:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn dɪgnɪti ən ʀɑɪts. ðɛɪ əʀ ɪndaʏd wið ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏðəʀ ɪn ə spɪʀɪt əv bʀʏðəχʏd]
The pronunciation of Hebrew words is similar to that in Yiddish:
- Seder [ˈsɛɪdəʀ~ˈsɛɪdɛʀ]
- Torah [ˈtoɪʀə~toɪˈʀo]
- Shabbat [ʃaˈboθ̠~ˈʃabəθ̱]
A rhotic accent
Rhotic with R-colored vowels using uvular r
- KIT = [ɪ],
- DRESS = [ɛ] (but it gets raised before fricatives),
- TRAP = [a] usually, /ɔ:/ before nasals
- LOT merges with TRAP
- THOUGHT = [uə]
- GOAT = [oə]
- FOOT = STRUT = [ɨ]
- GOOSE = [y]
- PRICE = [ei] before fricatives, [ae] otherwise
- MOUTH = [ou] before fricatives, [ɑo] otherwise
- FLEECE = Viby-i
- FACE = [iɛ]
- PALM = [a]
A pre-Grimm accent
Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent
- /f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw]
- /p t k/ = unaspirated stops, ejective when word-final except after fricatives
- /tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
- /v/ = [b~β]
- /l/ = [l] (always clear L)
- /r/ = [ɾ~ɹ]
- /ð/ = [d~ð]
- /ʃ/ = [sx~sʰ]
- FLEECE = i:
- FACE = e:
- GOOSE = ü:
- GOAT = o:~o̝:
- PALM = BATH = a:
- THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = ʌ:
- CHOICE = oi
- PRICE = aɪ
- MOUTH = aʊ
- KIT = i
- DRESS = e
- TRAP = ɛ
- LOT = ʌ
- FOOT/STRUT = u
- NURSE = ɚ:
- START = a:(ɹ)
- SQUARE = e:ə(ɹ)
- NEAR = i:ə(ɹ)
- POOR = u:ə(ɹ)
- CURE = ju:ə(ɹ)
- lettER = commA = ə(ɹ)~ʌ̈(ɹ)
Yod-coalescence, with /tj dj θj sj/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]
In broad accents: wu/wu:/wuə > u/u:/uə and ji/ji:/jiə > i/i:/iə; hence year/ear, yeast/east, swoon/soon are homophones
BATH [a:] occurs for L-Standard English /a/ usually where Korean commonly transcribes the English word as /a/. (The instances do not correspond to instances of BATH in RP.)
- chance [t͡ɕa:ns]; but dance [dɛns], answer [ɛnsʌ̈]
- plant [pla:ntʼ], Grant [gra:ntʼ]; but grant [grɛntʼ]
- glass [gla:s], gas [ga:s]; but pass [pɛs], class [klɛs]
- plastic [pla:stikʼ], last [la:st], master [ma:stʌ̈]
- mask [ma:sk], flask [fla:sk]; but ask [ɛsk], task [tɛsk]
- after [a:ftʌ̈], craft [kra:ft]
- half [ha:pʰ]; but graph [grɛpʰ]
- bath [ba:tʰ]; but math [mɛtʰ]
An "Old English" accent
- CHOICE = œɪ
- PRICE = ɑ:
- MOUTH = æ:ɑ
- PALM = æ:
- FACE = æɪ
- GOAT = e:o
- THOUGHT = ɔ:
- FLEECE = i:
- GOOSE = u:
- /ju:/ = y:
- FERN = FIR = ør~yr (also MERRY and MIRROR)
- FUR = ʊr (also HURRY)
- NURSE, FORCE = e:or~ø:r
- NORTH = ɔ:r
- NEAR = CURE = iur~y:r
- POOR = u:r
- SQUARE = e:r
- TRAP = ɑ, æɑ before /l r/ (also START and MARRY)
- DRESS = ɛ, eo~œ before /l/
- KIT = ɪ, ɪʊ~ʏ before /l/
- LOT = ɔ
- FOOT = STRUT = ʊ