Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew

The history of Hebrew and Judaism in Lõis is much like in our own world (Hebrew uses the Tiberian vocalization; the Hebrew Bible [the Masoretic text], the Talmud and Kabbalah are identical to our timeline), except it is not associated with a nation-state like in our timeline. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.

Comparison

שָלוֹם, קוֹרְאִים לִי אֵימִי וָקְר, אֲנִי בַּת עֶשְרִים וְחָמֵש, וַאֲנִי מ-[PLACE]. (Hello, my name is Amy Walker. I'm 25 years old and I'm from [PLACE].)

• L-Tiberian Hebrew: (Tiberias) [ʃɔːˈloːm, kʼoːɹĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːkʼăɹ, ʔăˈniː baθ ʕɛsˈɾiːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, waːʔăˈniː mitːʼăvɛːɹĭˈjɔː]
• L-Modern Hebrew: ("Bet ha-Tikva", in North America) [ʃoˈlœm, kœɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)ɛmi ˈvoʔkəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəχoˈmɛʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni miˈbɛθ haʔtɪʔkˈvo]
• Hăvohróh Măcubéleth: [ʃoːˈləʊm, kəʊɾəˈʔɪjm lɪj ˈʔɛɪmiː ˈwoːʔkəɾ, ʔaˈnɪj baθ ʕɛsˈɾɪjm wəħoːˈmɛɪʃ, waʔaˈnɪj mɪʔˈkɛɾɛθ ħaðoːˈʃoː]
• L-Standard English Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃɔˈləʏm, kəʏə(ɹ)ˈ(ʔ)ɪjm lɪj ˈ(ʔ)ɛɪmiː ˈwoː(ʔ)kə(ɹ), (ʔ)aˈnɪj baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹɪjm wəχɔˈmɛɪʃ, wa(ʔ)aˈnɪj mɪ(ʔ)ˈkɛɹɛθ ħadɔˈʃoː]
• Western English Hebrew: [ʃɑˈɫoʊm, koɹˈ(ʔ)iːm ɫiː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː wɑːk⁼əɹ, (ʔ)ɑˈniː bɑt̪ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹiːm wəxɑˈmeɪʃ, wɑ(ʔ)ɑˈniː mɪ...]
• Eastern English Hebrew: [ʃoˈloim, k⁼oɪʀˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː ˈvoːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)aˈniː bas̠ (ʔ)esˈʀim vəχoˈmeɪʃ, va(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
• "Poylish" Hebrew: [ʃuˈla:m, k⁼aʀˈ(ʔ)ejm lej ˈ(ʔ)aɪmej ˈvuːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)oˈnej bos̠ (ʔ)esˈʀejm vəχuˈmaɪʃ, vo(ʔ)oˈnej mi...]
• Philadelphian Hebrew:
• Pre-Grimm English Hebrew: [sʰʌːˈloːm, k⁼oːɾəˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eːmi ˈwʌːkʼə, (ʔ)aˈniː batʰ (ʔ)esˈɾiːm wəxʌːˈmeːɧ, wa(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
• ĐG Hebrew: ("Saigon" as a placeholder) [sɔˈluəm, kuəɹəˈʔim li ˈʔiəmi ˈvɔkəɹ, ʔəˈni ɓatʰ ʔɛʂˈɹim vəhɔˈmiəs, vəʔəˈni miʂajˈɣɔn]
• Khuamnisht Hebrew:
• Togarmite Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃoˈløm, køɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)emi ˈvokəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəxoˈmeʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni mɪˈkɛɾɛθ xadoˈʃo]
• Corded Ware Hebrew: [ʃaˈlomə, koɾəˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakəɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim wəχaˈmeʃ, wəʔəˈni mi-]
• Qivattu Hebrew: [ʃaˈlom, koɾaˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakaɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim waχaˈmeʃ, waʔaˈni mi-]
• Harappan Hebrew:
• Siészal Hebrew: (Altón-Zýmó) [ʂɑːɫoːm, koːɻəˈʔiːm lʲiː eːmiː wɑːkəɻ, ʔaniː bat ʔesɻɨːm waχameːʂ, waʔaniː meː aɫˈtoːn ˈzɨːmoː]
• Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫəʉm, kəʉəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, æ'ni: bæθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, wæʔæni: mɪsɪdni:]
• Younger Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫɔʏm, kɔʏəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, a'ni: baθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, waʔani: mɪsɪdni:]
• NZ (hypothetical): [ʃoɫɵʊm, koɹəi:m ɫi: ɐɪmi wo:kə, ɛ̞'ni: bɛ̞θ e̝sɹi:m wəxo:mɐɪʃ, wɛ̞ʔɛ̞ni: mɐɪ o:kɫənd]
• Israeli Hebrew: [ʃa'lom, koʀ'(ʔ)im li 'e(j)mi 'wakʀ, (ʔ)a'ni bat (ʔ)es'ʀim veχa'meʃ, va(ʔ)a'ni mitel (ʔ)a'viv]
• Yemenite Hebrew: [ʃɔːˈløːm, qøːrĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːqăr. ʔăˈni bæθ ʕæsˈriːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, wæʔăˈniː miˈsˤːɑnʕæ]

Revived Hebrew

Hebrew in Lõis was revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Americas. Most speakers today use a loosely Togarmite accent, but with an English touch:

• /p t k/ are aspirated
• "overuse" of glottal reinforcement: /p t k ts/ become [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.
• beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, θ].
• vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew
• lamed not before a vowel is dark [ɫ] and may be vocalized to [w].
• resh is [ɹ]; in basilectal speech, dropped when not before a vowel
• A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i~ej ɛ ɛ a o ø u~ü].
• Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].
• /θ/ is allowed as a second element in clusters that begin in an obstruent: e.g. /sθ/, /ʃθ/ are allowed as clusters, as in סתיו /sθov/ 'autumn', שתה /ʃθɛ/ 'drink! (m. sg.)'
• Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final), /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [a: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] or pharyngeal realizations (pronouncing a pharyngeal ayin) are considered overly proper and formal.

The original normative standard for the accent was the Hăvohróh Măcubéleth accent. However, Hăvohróh Măcubéleth today is usually regarded as antiquated or pretentious, like how the Mid-Atlantic accent is perceived by American English speakers. HM is standard in some styles of singing, such as classical music, religious music, or more rarely in more elevated popular music.

The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"

• The definite article is usually ha, but always ho before /ʔ r/.

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew (in-universe simply "Ashkenazi"), or TT-English Hebrew, is one of the most conservative modern Lõisian reading traditions (i.e. closest to Tiberian Hebrew). In most accents it is much like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except that all of the begadkefat consonants except /g/ preserve the lenition. It is really a mapping from Tiberian Hebrew phonemes to English phonemes, so the exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent. There is a gap between:

1. Normative, careful pronunciation, used by older cantors, and in hymns, song and poetry. This pronunciation is often called Ha-Hăvohróh ha-Măcubéleth ההברה המקובלת [hahavoːˈɾoː haməʔkʊˈbɛlɛθ], literally 'received pronunciation' or 'accepted pronunciation' (meaning that it was the Hebrew pronunciation passed down by tradition in the Northern Levant at the time it was codified), named after Newton native Rabbi Yitskhác ben Mănakhấm's (יצחק בן מנחם /jɪʔtsˈħaʔk bɛn mənaˈħɛɪm/) 15th century guide Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth which described this pronunciation with a mapping to English sounds. It is thought to reflect 15th century English pronunciation in the city of Newton which since then developed alongside L-Standard English, but with slightly different changes. It was preferred as a standard to bridge all the dizzying varieties of Hebrew accents at the time.
2. Natural pronunciation which uses the speaker's native accent, used in other contexts, such as when an average Jew or a rabbi reads Hebrew texts or quotes Hebrew texts in a conversation. Cantors today are usually encouraged to follow their communities' local accents.

There is yet another register of pronunciation: Hebrew words are borrowed into Jewish English with a stress shift to penultimate stress and strong vowel reduction, much like Hebrew vocabulary in Yiddish.

Jews started speaking English soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900. This was shortly after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund,

The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as chutzpah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨khutspoh⟩) and Torah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨Tuoroh⟩; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, oy vey comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from oh woe [øɪ vøɪ] in the Eastern English accent that yields our Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)

Vowels

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew distinguishes between all of the 7 major Tiberian Hebrew vowels: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ (chiriq, tzere, segol, patach, qamatz, cholam and qubbutz/shuruq) are all distinct.

Like in Tiberian Hebrew, Standard L-Ashkenazi Hebrew has long-short or tense-lax alternation, depending on whether the syllable is stressed OR open or not. However, loss of gemination has messed this up somewhat, and now unstressed patach and pretonic unstressed hiriq are always short or lax. Speakers of some English accents that do not make any tense-lax distinctions carry this over to their Hebrew pronunciations, thus all stressed syllables become long and all unstressed syllables become short.

The following mapping from Tiberian Hebrew vowels to English vowel phonemes given in Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth is still in use among English-speaking Jews:

• patach = chataf patach = tense PALM /ɑː/ in stressed syllables before /f s θ r/ / lax TRAP /a~æ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed a. Most English speakers today use [a] in all positions except before /r/, where they use a vowel closer to [ɑː].
• segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed e.
• tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed â.
• qamatz = in Hăvohróh Măcubéleth, "qamatz gadol" (in stressed or post-tonic open syllables) is tense THOUGHT /oː/, and "qamatz qatan" (otherwise) is lax LOT /ɔ/. However, often reduced to [ɔ] in pretonic unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed o, oh or au.
• cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/; the Hăvohróh Măcubéleth realization is [ə̟ʊ~ɛʊ]. Backed to [ɔʊ~ɒʊ] before dark L, and may be backed to [oʊ] before /r/. Usually transcribed uo.
• chiriq = tense FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in tonic, or posttonic open syllables / lax KIT /ɪ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed i or ê. Some people use -ih (suggesting the happY vowel) to represent final unstressed /i/: אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי בְחָפְזִי /ʔaˈniː ʔɔːˈmaɾtiː bəχɔfˈziː/ anê ohmarrtih bkhofzê 'I said in my haste'.
• qubbutz / shuruq = GOOSE /ʉ:/ in stressed or open syllables / reduced /ɵ~ʊ̈~ʉ/ in unstressed closed syllables. The allophones are backed to [u:] and [ʊ] respectively before dark L and /r/. Usually transcribed u or ô.
• shva: In careful reading shva na (an ultrashort vowel /ă/ in Tiberian Hebrew) is always pronounced. However, it is colloquially not pronounced except, possibly, to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced, it is pronounced [ə]. It may be transcribed ă or e, or not be transcribed. It may be pronounced [ɪ~ɨ] before /j/ (e.g. תְדַמְּיוּנִי [θəˌdamɪˈjʉːnɪj~ˌθdamɪˈjʉːnɪj] thăđamăyônih 'you (pl) liken me').

Consonants

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d d h w z ħ~χ t~ʔt j k x~χ l m n s ʕ~ʡ~ʔ~∅ p f ts~ʔts k~ʔk ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/

As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. People often vocalize dark L to [w] but this doesn't happen in careful pronunciation. The clear L-dark L distinction is marginally phonemic in poetry where shva may or may not be pronounced according to poetic license: the shva in מילאו (Hăvohróh Măcubéleth /mɪləˈʔʉː/) 'they filled' vs. מלאו(Hăvohróh Măcubéleth /mɪɫˈʔʉː/) 'fill! (2pl imperative)' may both be [ə] or both silent, hence [mɪl(ə)ˈʔʉː] and [mɪɫ(ə)ˈʔʉː] respectively.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes [r~ɾ] for /r/ but in practice people variously realize /r/ as [r], [ɾ], [ɹ], [ʀ], or [ʋ] depending on accent and personal preference. A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic /r/. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə] in non-rhotic accents but this is frowned upon.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes [ð] for daleth without dagesh, but it's pronounced [d] in almost all other accents.

Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes pronouncing /ħ ʕ/ as [ħ ʕ~ʡ]. Most people casually merge /ħ/ and /x/ into [χ], and prevocalic /ʕ/ and /ʔ/ into [ʔ~Ø]. Non-prevocalic /ʕ/ may be realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel: patach + ayin is pronounced as [ɑ̃:], and qamatz + ayin as [ɔ̃:]. Tsere + patach + ayin may become [ɛ̃:].

Most people use glottal reinforcement for /tʼ kʼ ts/ after a vowel or /m n l/: e.g. צַדִּיק /tsadˈdikʼ/ [tsaˈdɪjʔk] 'righteous; pious, saintly'. (This is also used in Xnánið Hebrew.)

Gemination is not pronounced.

Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.

/n/ often assimilates to a following velar stop, though this is non-normative.

Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)

TODO: Western accent

Verse	Masoretic Text	L-Philadelphian	L-Standard (Havohroh Măcubeleth)	Eastern	Translation
1:1	בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃	[bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjt̪ hæʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]	[bəɾɛɪˈʃɪjθ boːˈɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃoːˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts]	[bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]	When God began creating the heaven and the earth,
1:2	וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם	[wəhɔˈʔoəɹɛts hɔjəˈt̪oə ˈt̪ə̟ʊhʉw wɔˈvə̟ʊhʉw wəˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ʔæɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾʉwæx ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹæˈxɛfɛθ ʔæw pənɛɪ hæˈmojɪm]	[wəhoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts hoːjəˈθoː ˈθə̟ʊhʉː woːˈvə̟ʊhʉː wəˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ʕaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾʉːwaħ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm məɾaˈħɛfɛθ ʕaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmoːjɪm]	[vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈχɔɪʃeχ ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuaχ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈχefes̠ ʔal pəneɪ haˈmoːjɪm]	The earth was unformed and empty, and darkness was on the face of the deep; and the spirit of God was hovering above the surface of the water.
1:3	וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃	[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhi ʔə̟ʊɾ]	[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhiː ʔə̟ʊɾ]	[vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]	Now God said, "Let there be light!" And there was light.
1:4	וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃	[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪˈtə̟ʊv | wajævˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔʉˈvɪjn hæˈxə̟ʊʃɛx]	[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪʔˈtə̟ʊv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ ʔʉːˈvɛɪn haˈħə̟ʊʃɛx]	[vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔʉˈveɪn haˈχɔɪʃeχ]	God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness.
1:5	וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃	[wajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ ˈjəʊm wəɫaˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | wajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhi ˈvəʊkɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]	[wajɪʔˈkɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm loːˈʔə̟ʊəɾ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoːɾoː ˈloɪloː | wajəˈhiː ˈʕɛɾɛv wajəˈhiː ˈvə̟ʊʔkɛəɾ jə̟ʊm ʔɛˈħoːð]	[vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈχɔɪʃeχ ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈχoːd]	God called the light "day", and the darkness he called "night". Then there was evening, then there was morning, one day.

Sample (Adon Olam)

Hebrew	L-Standard English pronunciation (casual)	Translation (Not word-for-word)
אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ בְּטֶרֶם כָּל יְצִיר נִבְרָא לְעֵת נַעֲשָׂה בְחֶפְצוֹ כֹּל אֲזַי מֶלֶךְ שְׁמוֹ נִקְרָא וְאַחֲרֵי כִּכְלוֹת הַכֹּל לְבַדּוֹ יִמְלוֹךְ נוֹרָא וְהוּא הָיָה וְהוּא הֹוֶה וְהוּא יִהְיֶה בְּתִפְאָרָה וְהוּא אֶחָד וְאֵין שֵׁנִי לְהַמְשִׁיל לוֹ לְהַחְבִּירָה בְּלִי רֵאשִׁית בְּלִי תַכְלִית וְלוֹ הָעֹז וְהַמִּשְׂרָה וְהוּא אֵלִי וְחַי גּוֹאֲלִי וְצוּר חֶבְלִי בְּעֵת צָרָה וְהוּא נִסִּי וּמָנוֹס לִי מְנָת כּוֹסִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא בְּיָדוֹ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי בְּעֵת אִישָׁן וְאָעִירָה וְעִם רוּחִי גְוִיָּתִי אֲדֹנָי לִי וְלֹא אִירָא	[ʔaˈdəʏn əʏˈloːm aˈʃɛə moːˈlɑːχ] [bəˈtɛʋɛm ˌkɒʊ jəˈtsiːəɹ nɪvˈɹoː] [ləˈʔɛɪθ naʔaˈsoː vəˈχɛftsəʏ ˈkɒʊ] [ʔaˈzɑɪ mɛˈlɛχ ʃəˈməʏ nɪˈkɹoː] [wəʔaχaˈʋɛɪ kɪχˈləʏθ haˈkɒʊ] [ləˈvaːdəʏ ˌjɪmˈləʏχ nəʏˈʋoː] [wəˈhʉː hoːˈjoː wəˈhʉː həʊˈwɛ] [wəˈhʉː jɪhˈjɛ bəθɪfʔoːˈɹoː] [wəˈhʉːw ɛˈχoːd wəˈʔɛɪn ʃɛɪˈnɪj] [ləˈhamʃɪl ˈləʏ ləhaχbɪəˈʋoː] [bəˈlɪj ɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bəˈlɪj θaχˈlɪjθ] [wəˈləʏ hoːˈʔəʏz wəhamɪsˈɹoː] [wəˈhʉːw ɛɪˈlɪj wəˈχɑɪ gəʏaˈlɪj] [wəˈtsuːəɹ χɛvˈlɪj bəˈʔɛɪθ tsoːˈʋoː] [wəˈhʉː nɪˈsɪj ʔʉˈmoːnəʏs ˈlɪj] [məˈnoːθ kəʏˈsɪj bəˈjəʏm ɛˈkʋoː] [bəˈjoːdəʏ ˌʔafˈkɪjd ɹʉːwˈχɪj] [bəˈʔɛɪθ ʔɪˈʃoːn wəʔoːʔɪəˈɹoː] [wəˈʔɪjm ɹʉːˈχɪj gəwɪjjoːˈθɪj] [ʔadəʏˈnoːj ˈlɪj wəˈləʏ ʔɪəˈʋoː]	Lord of the universe, who had reigned Before any creature was brought into being – According to His pleasure all things were made, And He was then named King. And after all things come to an end, Alone shall He reign yet, in awesome majesty; He ever was, and He still is, And He will be in splendor. He is one, and there is none other To liken to Him or to be His peer – He has neither beginning nor end; To Him belongs the might and authority. He is my God, my Redeemer living, A rock for my trouble in times of adversity; He is my banner and my refuge, He fills my cup when I call upon Him. In His hands I entrust my soul, When I am sleeping and when I wake – And with my spirit and my body, The Lord is mine, and I shall not fear.

Audio sample (Yedid Nefesh)

יְדִיד נֶפֶשׁ אָב הָרַחֲמָן מְשֹׁךְ עַבְדָּךְ אֶל רְצוֹנָךְ
יָרוּץ עַבְדָּךְ כְּמוֹ אַיָּל יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה מוּל הֲדָרָךְ
כִּי יֶעֱרַב לוֹ יְדִידוּתָךְ מִנֹּפֶת צוּף וְכָל טַעַם

הָדוּר נָאֶה זִיו הָעוֹלָם נַפְשִׁי חוֹלַת אַהֲבָתָךְ
אָנָּא אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא לָהּ בְּהַרְאוֹת לָהּ נֹעַם זִיוָךְ
אָז תִּתְחַזֵּק וְתִתְרַפֵּא וְהָיְתָה לָךְ שִׁפְחַת עוֹלָם

וָתִיק יֶהֱמוּ רַחֲמֶיךָ וְחוּסָה נָא עַל בֶּן אוֹהֲבָךְ
כִּי זֶה כַמֶּה נִכְסֹף נִכְסַף לִרְאוֹת בְּתִפְאֶרֶת עֻזָּךְ
אָנָּא אֵלִי מַחְמַד לִבִּי חוּשָׁה נָּא וְאַל תִּתְעַלָּם

הִגָּלֶה נָא וּפְרֹשׂ חָבִיב עָלַי אֶת סֻכַּת שְׁלוֹמָךְ
תָּאִיר אֶרֶץ מִכְּבוֹדָךְ נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָךְ
מַהֵר אָהוּב כִּי בָא מוֹעֵד וְחָנֵּנִי כִּימֵי עוֹלָם

Padmanābha Hebrew

Similar to English Hebrew.

Togarmite Hebrew

Tiberian Hebrew sounds are mapped to Togarmite sounds. Similar to Ashkenazi Hebrew.

Vowels

Similar to English Hebrew without the tense-lax distinction:

• patach = chataf patach = [a]
• qamatz = chataf qamatz = [o]
• segol = chataf segol = [ɛ]
• tzere = [e]
• cholam = [ø]
• hiriq = [i]
• shuruq/qubbutz = [u]
• shva = [ə/Ø]

Consonants

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ t' j k x l m n s ʕ p f k' r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d d h v z x~ħ t j k x l m n s ʕ p f k r ʃ t θ]

Đâu-Gequơxex Hebrew

Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ ɓ v ɣ ɣ ɗ z h v z h t⁼ j kʰ x l m n ʂ ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ s tʰ tʰ] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)

/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]

/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/

Corded Ware Hebrew

Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.

Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.

The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/

Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)

Typical Western or Central CW reading

בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃

[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃

[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃

[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]

וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃

[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]

וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃

[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]

Qivattu Hebrew

Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/

Heleasic Hebrew

Conservative like English Hebrew

Hoduic Hebrew

• /k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
• /ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
• /t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
• /p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
• /j r l w/ = [j r l w]
• /s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]

Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.

• /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o u ə ə o]

Siészal Hebrew

Basically like Sephardi with vowel length (patach = a, QG = á, segol = ia, tsere = é, QQ = u, cholam = ó, hiriq: i or í, shuruq: ú)

allophonic palatalization before /i(:)/

/r/ is [ʐ~ɻ]