Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew

The history of Hebrew and Judaism in Lõis is much like in our own world (Hebrew uses the Tiberian vocalization; the Hebrew Bible [the Masoretic text], the Talmud and Kabbalah are identical to our timeline), except it is not associated with a nation-state like in our timeline. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.

Comparison

שָלוֹם, קוֹרְאִים לִי אֵימִי וָקְר, אֲנִי בַּת עֶשְרִים וְחָמֵש, וַאֲנִי מ-[PLACE]. (Hello, my name is Amy Walker. I'm 25 years old and I'm from [PLACE].)

• L-Tiberian Hebrew: (Tiberias) [ʃɔːˈloːm, kʼoːɹĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːkʼăɹ, ʔăˈniː baθ ʕɛsˈɾiːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, waːʔăˈniː mitːʼăvɛːɹĭˈjɔː]
• L-Modern Hebrew: ("Bet ha-Tikva", in North America) Sholœm, kœr'im li Emi Vokr, ani baþ esrim vekhomesh, va'ani mi-Beþ haTikvo. [ʃoˈlœm, kœɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)ɛmi ˈvoʔkəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəχoˈmɛʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni miˈbɛθ haʔtɪʔkˈvo]
• Hăvohróh Măcubéleth: [ʃoːˈləʊm, kəʊɾəˈʔɪjm lɪj ˈʔɛɪmiː ˈwoːʔkəɾ, ʔaˈnɪj baθ ʕɛsˈɾɪjm wəħoːˈmɛɪʃ, waʔaˈnɪj mɪʔˈkɛɾɛθ ħaðoːˈʃoː]
• L-Standard English Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃɔˈləʏm, kəʏə(ɹ)ˈ(ʔ)ɪjm lɪj ˈ(ʔ)ɛɪmiː ˈwoː(ʔ)kə(ɹ), (ʔ)aˈnɪj baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹɪjm wəχɔˈmɛɪʃ, wa(ʔ)aˈnɪj mɪ(ʔ)ˈkɛɹɛθ ħadɔˈʃoː]
• Western English Hebrew: [ʃɑˈɫoʊm, koɹˈ(ʔ)iːm ɫiː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː wɑːk⁼əɹ, (ʔ)ɑˈniː bɑt̪ (ʔ)ɛsˈɹiːm wəxɑˈmeɪʃ, wɑ(ʔ)ɑˈniː mɪ...]
• Eastern English Hebrew: [ʃoˈloim, k⁼oɪʀˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eɪmiː ˈvoːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)aˈniː bas̠ (ʔ)esˈʀim vəχoˈmeɪʃ, va(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
• "Poylish" Hebrew: [ʃuˈla:m, k⁼aʀˈ(ʔ)ejm lej ˈ(ʔ)aɪmej ˈvuːk⁼əʀ, (ʔ)oˈnej bos̠ (ʔ)esˈʀejm vəχuˈmaɪʃ, vo(ʔ)oˈnej mi...]
• Philadelphian Hebrew:
• Pre-Grimm English Hebrew: [sʰʌːˈloːm, k⁼oːɾəˈ(ʔ)iːm liː ˈ(ʔ)eːmi ˈwʌːkʼə, (ʔ)aˈniː batʰ (ʔ)esˈɾiːm wəxʌːˈmeːɧ, wa(ʔ)aˈniː mi...]
• ĐG Hebrew: ("Saigon" as a placeholder) [sɔˈluəm, kuəɹəˈʔim li ˈʔiəmi ˈvɔkəɹ, ʔəˈni ɓatʰ ʔɛʂˈɹim vəhɔˈmiəs, vəʔəˈni miʂajˈɣɔn]
• Khuamnisht Hebrew:
• Togarmite Hebrew: (Newton) [ʃoˈløm, køɾˈ(ʔ)im li ˈ(ʔ)emi ˈvokəɾ, (ʔ)aˈni baθ (ʔ)ɛsˈɾim vəxoˈmeʃ, va(ʔ)aˈni mɪˈkɛɾɛθ xadoˈʃo]
• Corded Ware Hebrew: [ʃaˈlomə, koɾəˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakəɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim wəχaˈmeʃ, wəʔəˈni mi-]
• Qivattu Hebrew: [ʃaˈlom, koɾaˈʔim li ˈʔemi ˈwakaɾ, ʔəˈni vaθ ʁesˈɾim waχaˈmeʃ, waʔaˈni mi-]
• Harappan Hebrew:
• Siészal Hebrew: (Altón-Zýmó) [ʂɑːɫoːm, koːɻəˈʔiːm lʲiː eːmiː wɑːkəɻ, ʔaniː bat ʔesɻɨːm waχameːʂ, waʔaniː meː aɫˈtoːn ˈzɨːmoː]
• Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫəʉm, kəʉəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, æ'ni: bæθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, wæʔæni: mɪsɪdni:]
• Younger Aussie (hypothetical): [ʃo:ɫɔʏm, kɔʏəʔi:m ɫi: æɪmi: wo:kə, a'ni: baθ esɹi:m wəxo:mæɪʃ, waʔani: mɪsɪdni:]
• NZ (hypothetical): [ʃoɫɵʊm, koɹəi:m ɫi: ɐɪmi wo:kə, ɛ̞'ni: bɛ̞θ e̝sɹi:m wəxo:mɐɪʃ, wɛ̞ʔɛ̞ni: mɐɪ o:kɫənd]
• Israeli Hebrew: [ʃa'lom, koʀ'(ʔ)im li 'e(j)mi 'wakʀ, (ʔ)a'ni bat (ʔ)es'ʀim veχa'meʃ, va(ʔ)a'ni mitel (ʔ)a'viv]
• Yemenite Hebrew: [ʃɔːˈløːm, qøːrĭˈʔiːm liː ˈʔeːmiː ˈwɔːqăr. ʔăˈni bæθ ʕæsˈriːm wɔ̆ħɔːˈmeːʃ, wæʔăˈniː miˈsˤːɑnʕæ]

Hebrew	Corded Ware	Tibetan	Đâu-Gequơxex	North American
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף וְעֶבְרָה שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ	[ðəˈɾoɾ jɪˈkɾa ləˈven ʁim vaθ] [wəjɪntsoɾˈxem kəˈmo vaˈvaθ] [nəˈʁim ʃimˈxem wəˈlo juʃˈvaθ] [ʃəˈvu nuˈχu bəˈjom ʃavˈvaθ] [ðəˈɾoʃ naˈwi wəʔulaˈmi] [wəˈʔoθ ˈjeʃaʁ ʁəˈse ʁimˈmi] [nəˈtaʁ soˈɾek vəˈθox kaɾˈmi] [ʃəˈʁe ʃawˈʁaθ vəˈne ʁamˈmi] [ðəˈɾox puˈɾa vəˈθox votsˈɾa] [wəɣam vaˈvel ʔəˈʃeɾ ɣavˈɾa] [nəˈθots tsaˈɾaj vəˈʔaf ʁevˈɾa] [ʃəˈmaʁ koˈli vəˈjom ʔekˈɾa] [ʔəloˈkim ten vammiðˈvaɾ haɾ] [həˈðas ʃitˈta vəˈɾoʃ tiðˈhaɾ] [wəlammazˈhiɾ wəlannizˈhaɾ] [ʃəloˈmim ten kəˈme naˈhaɾ] [həˈðox kaˈmaj χaj ʔel kanˈna] [vəˈmoɣ leˈvav uvimɣinˈna] [wənaɾˈχiv pe unmalˈlenna] [ləʃoˈnenu ləˈxa ɾinˈna] [dəˈʁe χoxˈma lənafˈʃexa] [wəˈhi ˈxeθeɾ ləɾoˈʃexa] [nəˈtsoɾ mitsˈwaθ kəðoˈʃexa] [ʃəˈmoɾ ʃavˈvaθ koðˈʃexa]	[t⁼əˈɹyɹ jiˈkʰɹo ləˈben ʔim p⁼ah] [wəjintsoɹˈxəm kʰəmy boˈbah] [nəˈʔim ʃimˈxəm wəˈlo juʃˈp⁼ah] [ʃəbu nuˈhu p⁼əˈjym ʃaˈboh] [t⁼əɹyʃ noˈwi wəʔuloˈmi] [wəˈʔyh ˈjeʃa ʔaˈse ʔiˈmi] [nəˈtʰa syˈɹek p⁼əˈhyχ kʰaɹˈmi] [ʃəˈʔe ʃabˈʔah p⁼əne ʔaˈmi] [t⁼əɹyx pʰʊəˈɹo p⁼əˈhox p⁼otsˈɹo] [wəˈgam p⁼oˈbəl ʔaˈʃəɹ k⁼obˈɹo] [nəˈhyʔts tsoˈɹaj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔəbˈɹo] [ʃəma kʰyˈli p⁼əˈjym ʔəkʰˈɹo] [ʔəlyˈkʰim tʰen p⁼amitˈpoɹ haɹ] [haˈdas ʃiˈtʰa p⁼ɹyʃ tʰidˈɦoɹ] [wəlamazˈhiɹ wəlanizˈɦoɹ] [ʃəlyˈmim ten kʰəˈme noˈhoɹ] [həˈdyx kʰoˈmaj χaj ʔel kʰaˈno] [p⁼əˈmyg leˈbo ubimgiˈno] [wənaɹˈhib pʰə unmaˈləno] [ləʃyˈnenu ləˈχo ɹiˈno] [t⁼əˈʔe hoxˈmo lənafˈʃəxo] [wəˈhi ˈxəhəɹ ləɹyˈʃəxo] [nəˈtsyɹ mitsˈwah kʰədyˈʃəxo] [ʃəmyɹ ʃaˈboh kʰodˈʃəxo]	...	[dɹœɹ jiʔˈkɹo ləˈvɛn (ʔ)im baθ] [vəjinʔtsoɹˈχɛm kmø voˈvaθ] [nəˈ(ʔ)im ʃimˈχɛm vəˈlo juʃˈbaθ] [ʃvu nuˈχu bəˈjøm ʃaˈboθ] [dɹøʃ noˈvi və(ʔ)uloˈmi] [vəˈ(ʔ)øθ ˈjeʃa (ʔ)aˈse (ʔ)imˈmi] [nəʔˈta søˈɹɛʔk bəˈθœχ kɑɹˈmi] [ʃəˈ(ʔ)e ʃavˈ(ʔ)aθ bnɛ (ʔ)aˈmi] [dɹœχ pʊəˈɹo bəˈθox boʔtsˈɹo] [vəˈgam boˈvɛw (ʔ)aˈʃɛɹ govˈɹo] [nəˈθøʔts tsoˈɹaj bəˈ(ʔ)af (ʔ)ɛvˈɹo] [ʃma køˈli bəˈjøm (ʔ)ɛʔkˈɹo] [ʔɛløʔˈkim tɛn bamidˈboɹ hɑɹ] [haˈdas ʃiˈto bɹøʃ tidˈɦoɹ] [vəlamazˈhiɹ vəlanizˈɦoɹ] [ʃløˈmim tɛn kəˈmɛ noˈhoɹ] [həˈdœχ koˈmaj χaj ʔɛw kaˈno] [bəˈmøg lɛˈvov uvimɣiˈno] [wənɑɹˈχiv pɛ unmaˈlɛno] [ləʃøˈnɛnu ləˈχo ɹiˈno] [dəˈ(ʔ)ɛ χoχˈmo lənafˈʃɛχo] [vəˈhi ˈχɛθɛɹ ləɹøˈʃɛχo] [nəʔˈtsœɹ miʔtsˈvaθ kdøˈʃɛχo] [ʃmœɹ ʃaˈboθ kodˈʃɛχo]

Revived New World Hebrew

Hebrew in Lõis was revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Americas. In addition to new native coinages, there are some Togarmite loans and cognatizations, such as סיף ['sajif] from Togarmite seif and ענבר [in'bor] 'amber' from Togarmite 3ynbar (corresponding to Arabic loans in our Modern Hebrew).

Most speakers today use a loosely Togarmite accent, but with an English touch:

• TibH /p t k/ are aspirated except after fricatives; voicing assimilation works like in English
• "overuse" of glottal reinforcement: the Revived Hebrew phonemes /p t k ts/ are realized as [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.
• beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, θ].
• vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew
• lamed not before a vowel is dark [ɫ] and is often vocalized to [w].
• A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i ɛ ɛ a o ø u~ü]. /ø/ is lowered to [œ] before the phoneme /χ/. Diphthongal pronunciations of /i e o/ as [ɪj~eɪ ɛɪ ɑːʏ̯̈] are often used in mockery of pretentious or highly religious people or fresh-off-the-boat immigrants from the Levant.
• resh is [ɹ]; it causes the following phonetic changes to vowels. In basilectal speech, non-prevocalic [ɹ] is dropped with compensatory lengthening.
  • patakh + resh: קר TibH /kʼar/ 'cold' becomes [kʰɑɹ]
  • kamatz + resh: דבר TibH /dɔˈvɔr/ 'thing' becomes [dovoɹ]
  • segol + resh: כתר TibH /ˈkɛθɛr/ 'crown' becomes [ˈkʰɛθeəɹ]
  • tzere + resh: חצר TibH /ħɔˈtsʼer/ 'yard' becomes [xoˈtseəɹ]
  • khiriq + resh: עיר TibH /ʕir/ 'city, town' becomes [iəɹ]
  • kholam + resh: חור TibH /ħor/ 'hole' becomes [xœɹ~xɞɹ~xɜɹ]
  • shuruq + resh: סגור TibH /sɔˈɣur/ 'closed (state)' becomes [soˈguəɹ]
• Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].
• /θ/ is allowed as a second element in clusters that begin in an obstruent: e.g. /sθ/, /ʃθ/ are allowed as clusters, as in סתיו /sθov/ 'autumn', שתה /ʃθɛ/ 'drink! (m. sg.)'
• Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final), /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [ɑ: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] or pharyngeal realizations (pronouncing a pharyngeal ayin) are considered overly proper and formal.
• /h/-dropping does not occur word-initially or on the onset of a stressed syllable, except possibly in function words. The /h/ in the definite article /ha/ is not dropped phrase-initially.

The original normative standard for the accent was the Hăvohróh Măcubéleth accent. However, Hăvohróh Măcubéleth today is usually regarded as antiquated or pretentious, like how the Mid-Atlantic accent is perceived by American English speakers. HM is standard in some styles of singing, such as classical music, religious music, or more rarely in more elevated popular music.

The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"

• The definite article is usually ha, but always ho before Revived phonemes /ʔ r/.
• The /ʔu-/ allomorph for ו 'and' may be used hypercorrectly.

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew (in-universe simply "Ashkenazi"), or TT-English Hebrew, is one of the most conservative modern Lõisian reading traditions (i.e. closest to Tiberian Hebrew). It is really a mapping from Tiberian Hebrew phonemes to English or quasi-English phonemes, so the exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent. There is a gap between:

1. Normative, careful pronunciation, used by older cantors, and in hymns, song and poetry. This pronunciation is often called Ha-Hăvohróh ha-Măcubéleth ההברה המקובלת [hahavoːˈɾoː haməʔkʊˈbɛlɛθ], literally 'received pronunciation' or 'accepted pronunciation' (meaning that it was the Hebrew pronunciation passed down by tradition in the Northern Levant at the time it was codified), named after Newton native Rabbi Yitskhác ben Mănakhấm's (יצחק בן מנחם /jɪʔtsˈħaʔk bɛn mənaˈħɛɪm/) 16th century guide Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth which described this pronunciation with a mapping to English sounds. Ben Mănakhấm attempted to create a "mid-Atlantic" Hebrew, a compromise standard bridging the dizzying variety of Hebrew pronunciations he was familiar with. The pronunciation described by ben Mănakhấm is thought to reflect 16th century English pronunciation in the city of Newton which since then developed alongside L-Standard English, but with slightly different changes.
2. Natural pronunciation which uses the speaker's native accent, used in other contexts, such as when an average Jew or a rabbi reads Hebrew texts or quotes Hebrew texts in a conversation. Cantors today are usually encouraged to follow their communities' local accents.
3. There is yet another register of pronunciation: Hebrew loans in Jewish English usually have a stress shift to penultimate stress and strong vowel reduction, much like Hebrew vocabulary in Yiddish.

Jews started speaking English soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900. This was shortly after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund.

The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as chutzpah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨khutspoh⟩) and Torah (Lõisian orthography: ⟨Tuoroh⟩; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, oy vey comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from oh woe [øɪ vøɪ] in the Eastern English accent that yields our Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)

Vowels

L-Ashkenazi Hebrew distinguishes between all of the 7 major Tiberian Hebrew vowels: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ (chiriq, tzere, segol, patach, qamatz, cholam and qubbutz/shuruq) are all distinct.

Like in Tiberian Hebrew, Standard L-Ashkenazi Hebrew has long-short or tense-lax alternation, depending on whether the syllable is stressed OR open or not. However, loss of gemination has messed this up somewhat, and now unstressed patach and pretonic unstressed hiriq are always short or lax. Speakers of some English accents that do not make any tense-lax distinctions carry this over to their Hebrew pronunciations, thus all stressed syllables become long and all unstressed syllables become short.

The following mapping from Tiberian Hebrew vowels to English vowel phonemes given in Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth is still in use among English-speaking Jews:

• patach = chataf patach = tense PALM /ɑː/ in stressed syllables before /f s θ r/ / lax TRAP /a~æ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed a. Most English speakers today use [a] in all positions except before /r/, where they use a vowel closer to [ɑː].
• segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed e.
• tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed â.
• qamatz = in Hăvohróh Măcubéleth, "qamatz gadol" (in stressed or post-tonic open syllables) is tense THOUGHT /oː/, and "qamatz qatan" (otherwise) is lax LOT /ɔ/. However, often reduced to [ɔ] in pretonic unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed o, oh or au.
• cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/; the Hăvohróh Măcubéleth realization is [ə̟ʊ~ɛʊ]. Backed to [ɔʊ~ɒʊ] before dark L, and may be backed to [oʊ] before /r/. Usually transcribed uo.
• chiriq = tense FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in tonic, or posttonic open syllables / lax KIT /ɪ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed i or ê. Some people use -ih (suggesting the happY vowel) to represent final unstressed /i/: אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי בְחָפְזִי /ʔaˈniː ʔɔːˈmaɾtiː bəχɔfˈziː/ anê ohmarrtih bkhofzê 'I said in my haste'.
• qubbutz / shuruq = GOOSE /ʉ:/ in stressed or open syllables / reduced /ɵ~ʊ̈~ʉ/ in unstressed closed syllables. The allophones are backed to [u:] and [ʊ] respectively before dark L and /r/. Usually transcribed u or ô.
• shva: In careful reading shva na (an ultrashort vowel /ă/ in Tiberian Hebrew) is always pronounced. However, it is colloquially not pronounced except, possibly, to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced, it is pronounced [ə]. It may be transcribed ă or e, or not be transcribed. It may be pronounced [ɪ~ɨ] before /j/ (e.g. תְדַמְּיוּנִי [θəˌdamɪˈjʉːnɪj~ˌθdamɪˈjʉːnɪj] thăđamăyônih 'you (pl) liken me').

Consonants

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d d h w z ħ~χ t~ʔt j k x~χ l m n s ʕ~ʡ~ʔ~∅ p f ts~ʔts k~ʔk ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/

As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. People often vocalize dark L to [w] but this doesn't happen in careful pronunciation. The clear L-dark L distinction is marginally phonemic in poetry where shva may or may not be pronounced according to poetic license: the shva in מילאו (Hăvohróh Măcubéleth /mɪləˈʔʉː/) 'they filled' vs. מלאו(Hăvohróh Măcubéleth /mɪɫˈʔʉː/) 'fill! (2pl imperative)' may both be [ə] or both silent, hence [mɪl(ə)ˈʔʉː] and [mɪɫ(ə)ˈʔʉː] respectively.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes [r~ɾ] for /r/ but in practice people variously realize /r/ as [r], [ɾ], [ɹ], [ʀ], or [ʋ] depending on accent and personal preference. A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic /r/. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə] in non-rhotic accents but this is frowned upon.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes [ð] for daleth without dagesh, but it's pronounced [d] in almost all other accents.

Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.

Hăvohróh Măcubéleth prescribes pronouncing /ħ ʕ/ as [ħ ʕ~ʡ]. Most people casually merge /ħ/ and /x/ into [χ], and prevocalic /ʕ/ and /ʔ/ into [ʔ~Ø]. Non-prevocalic /ʕ/ may be realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel: patach + ayin is pronounced as [ɑ̃:], and qamatz + ayin as [ɔ̃:]. Tsere + patach + ayin may become [ɛ̃:].

Most people use glottal reinforcement for /tʼ kʼ ts/ after a vowel or /m n l/: e.g. צַדִּיק /tsadˈdikʼ/ [tsaˈdɪjʔk] 'righteous; pious, saintly'. (This is also used in Xnánið Hebrew.)

Gemination is not pronounced.

Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.

/n/ often assimilates to a following velar stop, though this is non-normative.

Togarmite Hebrew

Tiberian Hebrew sounds are mapped to Togarmite sounds. Similar to Ashkenazi Hebrew.

Vowels

Similar to English Hebrew without the tense-lax distinction:

• patach = chataf patach = [a]
• qamatz = chataf qamatz = [o]
• segol = chataf segol = [ɛ]
• tzere = [e]
• cholam = [ø]
• hiriq = [i]
• shuruq/qubbutz = [u]
• shva = [ə/Ø]

Consonants

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ t' j k x l m n s ʕ p f k' r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d d h v z x~ħ t j k x l m n s ʕ p f k r ʃ t θ]

Đâu-Gequơxex Hebrew

Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ ɓ v ɣ ɣ ɗ z h v z h t⁼ j kʰ x l m n ʂ ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ s tʰ tʰ] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)

/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]

/ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/

Corded Ware Hebrew

Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.

Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.

The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/

Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)

Typical Western or Central CW reading

בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃

[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃

[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃

[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]

וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃

[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]

וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃

[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]

Qivattu Hebrew

Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels

ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.

/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./

שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה

/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/

Heleasic Hebrew

Conservative like English Hebrew

Hoduic Hebrew

• /k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
• /ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
• /t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
• /p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
• /j r l w/ = [j r l w]
• /s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]

Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.

• /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o u ə ə o]

Siészal Hebrew

Basically like Sephardi with vowel length (patach = a, QG = á, segol = ia, tsere = é, QQ = u, cholam = ó, hiriq: i or í, shuruq: ú)

allophonic palatalization before /i(:)/

/r/ is [ʐ~ɻ]

Tibetan Hebrew

/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h]

/i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø]