User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Lexicon

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: a Thigall [ə ˈɬɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgaoth dIlL/Spare pages 1/51 [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a IlL/Spare pages 1/51ic language (a subbranch of the Talmic languages) inspired by Irish and German. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like all modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.

1: cēm- > cémh 2: tithōr > tiuthar 3: nazge > nág 4: dhaufe > daó 5: salir > salar 6: stām- > sdámh 7: rōde > ródh-L 8: lorethe > lorath-L 9: farve > arbh-L 10: ħiōr > eór

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view the pronunciation.

Symbols

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^H - lenition/aspiration
• ^N - eclipsis

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

Like other modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51, such as the Thensarian letters y, th, dh, ch, gh; the letters j and v are not used except in loanwords.

The spelling is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Tigal pronunciation.

Double consonants are used for ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩, which come from the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 fortis resonants /L, N, Ŋ, R/; they are pronounced identically to single ⟨l, n, ŋ, r⟩ in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Phonology

Treated below is the phonology of Standard Tigall (a Thigall hÉtaoin).

Stress

Stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m, mb m	n, nn, nd n~ɳ		ŋ, ŋŋ, ŋg ɲ~ŋ~ɴ
Stop	tenuis	b, bp p	d, dt t~ʈ		g, gc c~k~q			ʔ
	aspirated	p pʰ	t tʰ~ʈʰ		c cʰ~kʰ~qʰ
Spirant	voiceless	f, ph f	th ɬ~ꞎ		ch ç~x
	voiced	bh v	dh ɮ~ɮ˞		gh j~ɣ
Non-spirant	voiceless		s s~ʂ					h, fh, sh h
	voiced		z, zs z~ʐ
Liquid				r, rr ɽ~ɖ~ɺ˞~ɭ			l, ll ʀ~ʟ
Approximant		mh, mhf, (v) w			(j) j

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech).
• Modern Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: Both aspiration and voicing are neutralized for word-final obstruents.
• Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /n, tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually dental, and are retroflex [ɳ, ʈʰ, ʈ, ꞎ, ɮ˞] adjacent to /ɽ˞~ɭ/.
  • The sequence /ŋɽ/ may become a retroflex lateral nasal [ɳᶩ] or, for some speakers, even a weak retroflex click [ᵑǃ˞].
• /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek /s/. They have retroflex allophones [ʂ, ʐ] next to /ɺ˞~ɭ/.
• /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /ŋ, kʰ, k, x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ɲ, cʰ~cç, c, ç, j] before /iː yː eː øː/.
• The retroflex liquid /ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ/:
  • The [ɽ~ɺ˞] allophone usually occurs before vowels; [ɺ˞] predominates after /s z/.
  • After vowels the [ɭ] allophone is always used.
• The uvular liquid /ʀ~ʟ/:
  • The [ʀ] allophone occurs before consonants, and can be described as a "trilled Philly L". It is a pharyngealized uvular trill with compressed rounding [ʀᵝˤ] in careful speech, and a fricative or approximant [ʁᵝˤ] in casual speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative.
  • The allophone transcribed as [ʟ] occurs after vowels but may occur before consonants. but may occur is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used in all positions.

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z	r	ŋ	c	g	l	0
IPA	/m/	/pʰ/	/p/	/f/	/n/	/tʰ/	/t/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ˞~ɭ/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/k/	/ʀ~ʟ/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-	h-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	/h/	-	/ɬ/	/ɮ/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/	/ɣ/	-	/h/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	mhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	-	-	gc	ŋg	-	ŋ-
IPA	-	/p/	/m/	/w/	-	/t/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/k/	/ŋ/	-	/ŋ/

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

It is important to note that the given orthographic values are only a proxy for the exact vowel, especially for the front rounded vowels (due to, among other things, irregular changes in unstressed syllables, and some words having "double umlaut").

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	iu, ui /ʏ/	iú, uí /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/
Mid	e, ae, ai, ei, ia /ɛ/	aé, aí, éi /eː/	eu, oi, aio, aoi, iao, uai /œ/	aío, aói, eío /øː/	a [ə]	aó /ɵː/	al [ɤˁ]	o, ao, ua /ɔ/
Open		á, eá /aː/			a, ea /ɐ/

Diphthongs: é, ía /iə/ éu, ói, íao, úai /yə/ ó, úa /uə/

"L-colored" vowels: /iɤˁ yɤˁ ʊˁː ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ ɔˁː ɒˁː/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables, and is written a.

L-colored vowels

In Étaoin Tigall l-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the vocalized velar liquid [ɤˁ]:

• /ɪ/, /iː/, /iə/ + [ɤˁ] > /iɤˁ/
• /ʏ/, /yː/, /yə/ + [ɤˁ] > /yɤˁ/
• /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + [ɤˁ] > /ʊˁː/
• /ɛ/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɛɤˁ/
• /eː/ + [ɤˁ] > /eɤˁ/
• /œ/ + [ɤˁ] > /œɤˁ/
• /øː/ + [ɤˁ] > /øɤˁ/
• /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɔˁː/
• /ɐ/, /aː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɒˁː/

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is usually close (fully) front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final or utterance-final.
  • If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /aː/ is open (fully) front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	aí	aó	e	é	i	í	o	ó	u	ú
u-umlaut	ao	aó	aío	-	eu	éu	iu	iú	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	ai	aí	-	aoi	-	-	-	-	oi	ói	ui	uí

Some phonological rules

• Unstressed -alann, -arann > -alnn [ɤˁn], -arnn [ɭ̩ɳ]

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

aésda - 'word'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	aésda	aésdann
Definite	a haésda	aésdar
Construct	aésdadh	aésdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suar	suaira
Definite	a shuar	suairann
Construct	suaradh	suairar

Feminine consonant declension

émh - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	émh	émhar
Definite	a ŋ-émh	a émh
Construct	éumhadh	éumhann

Adjectives

Sample declensions

séth 'sharp'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ŋór zséth	ŋóra sétha	tilŋ séth	tilŋar séthar
Definite	a ŋóir shéth	ŋórann séthann	a dtilŋ zséth	a tilŋ séth
Construct	ŋóra shéth	ŋórar séthann	tiulŋa shéth	tiulŋar séth

áithamh 'holy'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	aésda áithamh	aésdann háithamha	tilŋ áithamh	tilŋar áithamhar
Definite	a aésd áithamh	aésdar áithamhann	a dtilŋ ŋ-áithamh	a tilŋ háithamh
Construct	aésdadh áithamh	aésdar áithamhann	tylŋa áithamh	tylŋar áithamh

Pronouns

Personal

Tigall personal pronouns

	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
Independent	ná	zér	fér	ó	ŋí	gámh	géid	zéid	ŋár
Dependent	dhá	ér	ér	hú	hí	ámh	céir	séir	hár

Other

• tá, tór = what? who?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

mo^L, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).

Inflection of prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
chaoi 'with (comitative)'	chaoín	chaoís	chaós	chaó	chaoí	chaoímh	chaoíd	chaoíc	chaoír
de-L, d'- 'in, at'	deán	déis	deós	deó	deí	démh	déd	dec	dér
gil 'from'	gialn	gilis	gilus	gilu	gili	gilamh	gilad	gilac	gilar
mo-L, m'-	món	móis	mós	mó	muí	mómh	mód	móc	mór
na 'with (instrumental)'	naín	naís	naíos	naío	naí	naímh	naíd	naíc	naír
ro (ergative)	rúin	rúis	ruíos	rú	ruí	ruímh	ruíd	ruíc	ruír
so 'to'	són	súis	sús	sú	suí	súmh	súd	súc	súr
zead 'on'	zeadan	zeadis	zeadus	zeadu	zeadi	zeadamh	zeadad	zeadac	zeadar

Zead can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:

Zeadan cháiladh a cháin.

/ˈzadn̩ ə ˈxeːləɬ ə ˈxeːn/

on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food

I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes.

Template:Col-3

Present tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	STEM-adh ná LSTEM-ann (poetic)	STEM-aóch
1.in	-	STEM-adh géid LSTEM-ad (poetic)
2	LSTEM-ar	STEM-adh zéid LSTEM-asg (poetic)
3.m	STEM-adh ó/ŋí	STEM-adh ŋár
Impersonal	STEM-(a)1ra

Present tense of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	moladh ná mholann (poetic)	mholaóch
1.in	-	moladh géid mholad (poetic)
2	mholar	moladh zéid mholasg (poetic)
3.m	moladh ó moladh ŋí	moladh ŋár
Impersonal	molra

Present tense of the verb idadh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	idadh ná b'idann (poetic)	b'idaóch
1.in	-	idadh géid b'idad (poetic)
2	b'idar	idadh zéid b'idasg (poetic)
3.m	idadh ó idadh ŋí	idadh ŋár
Impersonal	idara

¹ The buffer -a- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the *bi- prefix works as follows:

• For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
• For other prefixes, the mutation of the first consonant that would be induced by the prefix may be blocked by the *bi- prefix.

Imperfect tense

-a is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis. If the initial consonant cannot eclipse, then the particle glaí is used before the verb.

Preterite tense

The suffix -ín is added to the stem to form the preterite analytic form. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ro. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted.

Cásín ruín luc.

I ate a fruit.

Future tense

Template:Col-3

Future tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	STEM-tadh ná	STEM-tadh gámh
1.in	-	STEM-tadh géid
2	LSTEM-tar	STEM-tadh zéid
3.m	STEM-tadh ó/ŋí	STEM-tadh ŋár
Impersonal	STEM-art

Future tense of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	moltadh ná	moltadh gámh
1.in	-	moltadh géid
2	mholtar	moltadh zéid
3.m	moltadh ó/ŋí	moltadh ŋár
Impersonal	molart

Future tense of the verb idadh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	idatadh ná	idatadh gámh
1.in	-	idatadh géid
2	b'idatar	idatadh zéid
3.m	idatadh ó idatadh ŋí	idatadh ŋár
Impersonal	idart

Imperative

Template:Col-3

Imperative
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	STEM-ad!
2	STEM!	STEM-asg!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	molad!
2	mol!	molasg!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb idadh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	idad!
2	id!	idasg!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Verbal noun

Some affixes for verbal nouns:

• ⁱ-al
• -a/-as?
• -ach
• ablaut

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

• -all: adjectivizer
• ⁱ-al (m.): nominalizer
  • ŋoircal 'bitterness, resentment' < ŋorc 'bitter'
• ⁱ-amh: adjectivizer
  • caoithlamh 'floral' < caothar 'flower' (Note *thr, *dhr > thl, dhl.)
• é-: 'common, co-'
  • étaoin: 'common/universal, standard' < é- + taoin 'mold, cast'
• ⁱ-óiŋ, indef. pl. ⁱ-óiŋann, def. pl. ⁱ-óiŋar: agentive (< Thn. -iōȝī < Kagasa -yōȝi)
  • sbúithóiŋ 'sbúith player' < sbúith 'a string instrument with movable frets, similar to viola da gamba'
• -ór: augmentative
• -sd-: adjectivizer, [NOUN]-like

Syntax

Constituent order

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is almost completely head-initial, except for some compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Background information (usually in the order time-manner-place) may be placed before the verb (unlike in Irish), after the subject, or after the direct object. However, no constituent may come between the verb and the subject. Also, order may be more flexible in poetry.

Noun phrase

Possessive noun phrases

Moladh a thachd m'éumhadh hú.
/ˈmɔˤːʀəɬ ʔə ˈɬɐxt ˈm‿yəwəɬ ʉː/
mol-adh a-^L tachd mo^L émh-^uadh ú
thank-PRES DEF.SG.M child MO mother-CONS.SG.F 3SG.M.DISJ
The child thanks his mother.

Sentence phrase

Conjunctions

• ar: 'and'
• ad: 'or'
• ach: 'but'
• fuíd: 'because'

Dependent clauses

Relative clauses

The relativizer is ri^N. A resumptive pronoun may be used when the head is not the subject of the relative clause, and is mandatory when the head is a prepositional object or a possessor.

A char ri mhfeiladh hú "Zibharn"

The man whose name was "Lightning"

Time clauses

There are two ways of forming time clauses.

Phrasebook

• Feiladh dhá [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
• Tá a ŋgoimhra? (vulgar) = I don't give a shit!