User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: a Thigall [ə ˈɬɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgaoth dIlL/Spare pages 1/51 [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a IlL/Spare pages 1/51ic language (a subbranch of the Talmic languages) inspired by Irish and German. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like all modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.
1: cēm- > cémh 2: tithōr > tiuthar 3: nazge > nág 4: dhaufe > daó 5: salir > salar 6: stām- > sdámh 7: rōde > ródh-L 8: lorethe > lorath-L 9: farve > arbh-L 10: ħiōr > eór
Todo
Notes
If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view the pronunciation.
Symbols
- i - i-umlaut
- u - u-umlaut
- H - lenition/aspiration
- N - eclipsis
Orthography
Like other modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51, such as the Thensarian letters y, th, dh, ch, gh; the letters j and v are not used except in loanwords.
The spelling is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Tigal pronunciation.
Double consonants are used for ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩, which come from the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 fortis resonants /L, N, Ŋ, R/; they are pronounced identically to single ⟨l, n, ŋ, r⟩ in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51.
Phonology
Treated below is the phonology of Standard Tigall (a Thigall hÉtaoin).
Stress
Stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.
Consonants
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids.
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m, mb m | n, nn, nd n~ɳ | ŋ, ŋŋ, ŋg ɲ~ŋ~ɴ | |||||
| Stop | tenuis | b, bp p | d, dt t~ʈ | g, gc c~k~q | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | p pʰ | t tʰ~ʈʰ | c cʰ~kʰ~qʰ | |||||
| Spirant | voiceless | f, ph f | th ɬ~ꞎ | ch ç~x | ||||
| voiced | bh v | dh ɮ~ɮ˞ | gh j~ɣ | |||||
| Non-spirant | voiceless | s s~ʂ | h, fh, sh h | |||||
| voiced | z, zs z~ʐ | |||||||
| Liquid | r, rr ɽ~ɖ~ɺ˞~ɭ | l, ll ʀ~ʟ | ||||||
| Approximant | mh, mhf, (v) w | (j) j | ||||||
Notes
- An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech).
- Modern Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: Both aspiration and voicing are neutralized for word-final obstruents.
- Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
- /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
- /n, tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually dental, and are retroflex [ɳ, ʈʰ, ʈ, ꞎ, ɮ˞] adjacent to /ɽ˞~ɭ/.
- The sequence /ŋɽ/ may become a retroflex lateral nasal [ɳᶩ] or, for some speakers, even a weak retroflex click [ᵑǃ˞].
- /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek /s/. They have retroflex allophones [ʂ, ʐ] next to /ɺ˞~ɭ/.
- /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
- /ŋ, kʰ, k, x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ɲ, cʰ~cç, c, ç, j] before /iː yː iə yə eː øː/.
- The retroflex liquid /ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ/:
- The [ɽ~ɺ˞] allophone usually occurs before vowels; [ɺ˞] predominates after /s z/.
- After vowels the [ɭ] allophone is always used.
- The uvular liquid /ʀ~ʟ/:
- The [ʀ] allophone occurs before consonants, and can be described as a "trilled Philly L". It is a pharyngealized uvular trill with compressed rounding [ʀᵝˤ] in careful speech, and a fricative or approximant [ʁᵝˤ] in casual speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative.
- The allophone transcribed as [ʟ] occurs after vowels but may occur before consonants. but may occur is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
- In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used in all positions.
Mutations
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | z | r | ŋ | c | g | l | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /f/ | /n/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɺ˞~ɭ/ | /ŋ/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /ʀ~ʟ/ | /ʔ/ |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | - | th | dh | sh | zh | - | - | ch | gh | - | h- |
| IPA | /w/ | /f/ | /v/ | /h/ | - | /ɬ/ | /ɮ/ | /h/ | silent | - | - | /x/ | /ɣ/ | - | /h/ |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | mhf | - | dt | nd | zs | - | - | - | gc | ŋg | - | ŋ- |
| IPA | - | /p/ | /m/ | /w/ | - | /t/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | - | - | /k/ | /ŋ/ | - | /ŋ/ |
Vowels
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
It is important to note that the given orthographic values are only a proxy for the exact vowel, especially for the front rounded vowels (due to, among other things, irregular changes in unstressed syllables, and some words having "double umlaut").
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | iu, ui /ʏ/ | iú, uí /yː/ | ú /ʉː/ | u /ʊ/ | |||
| Mid | e, ae, ai, ei, ia /ɛ/ | aé, aí, éi /eː/ | eu, oi, aio, aoi, iao, uai /œ/ | aío, aói, eío /øː/ | a [ə] | aó /ɵː/ | al [ɤˁ] | o, ao, ua /ɔ/ | |
| Open | á, eá /aː/ | a, ea /ɐ/ | |||||||
Diphthongs: é, ía /iə/ éu, ói, íao, úai /yə/ ó, úa /uə/
"L-colored" vowels: /iɤˁ yɤˁ ʊˁː ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ ɔˁː ɒˁː/
The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables, and is written a.
L-colored vowels
In Étaoin Tigall l-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the vocalized velar liquid [ɤˁ]:
- /ɪ/, /iː/, /iə/ + [ɤˁ] > /iɤˁ/
- /ʏ/, /yː/, /yə/ + [ɤˁ] > /yɤˁ/
- /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + [ɤˁ] > /ʊˁː/
- /ɛ/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɛɤˁ/
- /eː/ + [ɤˁ] > /eɤˁ/
- /œ/ + [ɤˁ] > /œɤˁ/
- /øː/ + [ɤˁ] > /øɤˁ/
- /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɔˁː/
- /ɐ/, /aː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɒˁː/
Notes
Close vowels
- /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
- /yː/ is usually close (fully) front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
- /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
- /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
- /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
- /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
- /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
- /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final or utterance-final.
- If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
- [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
- /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
- /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
- /aː/ is open (fully) front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
- /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].
Umlaut
Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.
| Root vowel | a | a | aí | aó | e | é | i | í | o | ó | u | ú |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| u-umlaut | ao | aó | aío | - | eu | éu | iu | iú | - | - | - | - |
| i-umlaut | ai | aí | - | aoi | - | - | - | - | oi | ói | ui | uí |
Some phonological rules
- Unstressed -alann, -arann > [ɤˁn], [ɭ̩ɳ]
Morphology
Nouns
Masculine vowel declension
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
| aésda - 'word' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | aésda | aésdann |
| Definite | a haésda | aésdar |
| Construct | aésdadh | aésdar |
Masculine consonantal declension
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
| suar - 'house' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | suar | suaira |
| Definite | a shuar | suairann |
| Construct | suaradh | suairar |
Feminine consonant declension
| émh - 'mother' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | émh | émhar |
| Definite | a ŋ-émh | a émh |
| Construct | éumhadh | éumhann |
Adjectives
Declension paradigms
Sample declensions
| séth 'sharp' | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Indefinite | ŋór zséth | ŋóra sétha | tilŋ séth | tilŋar séthar | |
| Definite | a ŋóir shéth | ŋórann séthann | a dtilŋ zséth | a tilŋ séth | |
| Construct | ŋóra shéth | ŋórar séthann | tiulŋa shéth | tiulŋar séth | |
| áithamh 'holy' | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Indefinite | aésda áithamh | aésdann háithamha | tilŋ áithamh | tilŋar áithamhar | |
| Definite | a aésd áithamh | aésdar áithamhann | a dtilŋ ŋ-áithamh | a tilŋ háithamh | |
| Construct | aésdadh áithamh | aésdar áithamhann | tylŋa áithamh | tylŋar áithamh | |
Degree
Pronouns
Personal
| 1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.ex | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | ná | zér | fér | ó | ŋí | gámh | géid | zéid | ŋár |
| Dependent | dhá | ér | ér | hú | hí | ámh | céir | séir | hár |
Other
- tá, tór = what? who?
Prepositions
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.
moL, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).
| 1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.ex | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chaoi 'with (comitative)' | chaoín | chaoís | chaós | chaó | chaoí | chaoímh | chaoíd | chaoíc | chaoír |
| de-L, d'- 'in, at' | deán | déis | deós | deó | deí | démh | déd | dec | dér |
| gil 'from' | gialn | gilis | gilus | gilu | gili | gilamh | gilad | gilac | gilar |
| mo-L, m'- | món | móis | mós | mó | muí | mómh | mód | móc | mór |
| na 'with (instrumental)' | naín | naís | naíos | naío | naí | naímh | naíd | naíc | naír |
| ro (ergative) | rúin | rúis | ruíos | rú | ruí | ruímh | ruíd | ruíc | ruír |
| so 'to' | són | súis | sús | sú | suí | súmh | súd | súc | súr |
| zead 'on' | zeadan | zeadis | zeadus | zeadu | zeadi | zeadamh | zeadad | zeadac | zeadar |
Zead can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:
- Zeadan cháisaladh a cháisan.
- [ˈzadn̩ ə ˈxeːsəʀəɬ ə ˈxeːsn̩]
- on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food
- I have to eat the food.
Verbs
Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.
Present tense
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes.
Template:Col-3| Present tense | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | STEM-adh ná LSTEM-ann (poetic) |
STEM-aóch |
| 1.in | - | STEM-adh géid LSTEM-ad (poetic) |
| 2 | LSTEM-ar | STEM-adh zéid LSTEM-asg (poetic) |
| 3.m | STEM-adh ó/ŋí | STEM-adh ŋár |
| Impersonal | STEM-(a)1ra | |
| Present tense of the verb moladh 'thank' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | moladh ná mholann (poetic) |
mholaóch |
| 1.in | - | moladh géid mholad (poetic) |
| 2 | mholar | moladh zéid mholasg (poetic) |
| 3.m | moladh ó moladh ŋí |
moladh ŋár |
| Impersonal | molra | |
| Present tense of the verb idadh 'lie in a place' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | idadh ná b'idann (poetic) |
b'idaóch |
| 1.in | - | idadh géid b'idad (poetic) |
| 2 | b'idar | idadh zéid b'idasg (poetic) |
| 3.m | idadh ó idadh ŋí |
idadh ŋár |
| Impersonal | idara | |
1 The buffer -a- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.
For prefixed verbs, the addition of the *bi- prefix works as follows:
- For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
- síl-zsbeiŋachtar 'you restrain', síl-sbeiŋachtar ná 'I restrain'
- For other prefixes, the mutation of the first consonant that would be induced by the prefix may be blocked by the *bi- prefix.
- pé-zophar 'you determine', pé-zhophadh ná 'I determine'
Imperfect tense
To form the imperfect tense, -a is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis. If the initial consonant cannot eclipse, then the particle glaí is used before the verb.
- glaí mola ná 'I used to thank'
- ŋ-ida ŋí 'she used to lie'
Preterite tense
The suffix i-ín is added to the stem to form the preterite analytic form. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ro. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted.
- Cáisín ruín luc.
- I ate a fruit.
Pluperfect tense
Future tense
Template:Col-3| Future tense | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | STEM-tadh ná LSTEM-tann (poetic) |
STEM-taóch |
| 1.in | - | STEM-tadh géid LSTEM-tad (poetic) |
| 2 | LSTEM-tar | STEM-tadh zéid LSTEM-tasg (poetic) |
| 3.m | STEM-tadh ó/ŋí | STEM-tadh ŋár |
| Impersonal | STEM-art | |
| Future tense of the verb moladh 'thank' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | moltadh ná mholtann (poetic) |
moltaóch |
| 1.in | - | moltadh géid mholtad (poetic) |
| 2 | mholtar | moltadh zéid mholtasg (poetic) |
| 3.m | moltadh ó/ŋí | moltadh ŋár |
| Impersonal | molart | |
| Future tense of the verb idadh 'lie in a place' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | idatadh ná b'idatann (poetic) |
b'idataóch |
| 1.in | - | idatadh géid b'idatad (poetic) |
| 2 | b'idatar | idatadh zéid b'idatasg (poetic) |
| 3.m | idatadh ó idatadh ŋí |
idatadh ŋár |
| Impersonal | idart | |
Imperative
Template:Col-3| Imperative | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | - | - |
| 1.in | - | STEM-ad! |
| 2 | STEM! | STEM-asg! |
| 3.m | - | - |
| Impersonal | - | |
| Imperative of the verb moladh 'thank' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | - | - |
| 1.in | - | molad! |
| 2 | mol! | molasg! |
| 3.m | - | - |
| Impersonal | - | |
| Imperative of the verb idadh 'lie in a place' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.ex | - | - |
| 1.in | - | idad! |
| 2 | id! | idasg! |
| 3.m | - | - |
| Impersonal | - | |
Verbal noun
Some affixes for verbal nouns:
- i-al
- -a/-as?
- -ach
- ablaut
- bare stem
- i-umlaut
Derivational morphology
Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:
- -all: adjectivizer
- i-al (m.): nominalizer
- ŋoircal 'bitterness, resentment' < ŋorc 'bitter'
- i-amh: adjectivizer
- caoithlamh 'floral' < caothar 'flower' (Note *thr, *dhr > thl, dhl.)
- é-: 'common, co-'
- étaoin: 'common/universal, standard' < é- + taoin 'mold, cast'
- i-óiŋ, indef. pl. i-óiŋann, def. pl. i-óiŋar: agentive (< Thn. -iōȝī < Kagasa -yōȝi)
- sbúithóiŋ 'sbúith player' < sbúith 'a string instrument with movable frets, similar to viola da gamba'
- -ór: augmentative
- -sd-: adjectivizer, [NOUN]-like
Syntax
Constituent order
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is almost completely head-initial, except for some compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Background information (usually in the order time-manner-place) may be placed before the verb (unlike in Irish), after the subject, or after the direct object. However, no constituent may come between the verb and the subject. Also, order may be more flexible in poetry.
Noun phrase
Adjectives
Adjectives always follow their head nouns.
Possessive noun phrases
In possessive noun phrases the possessed noun uses the construct form, and the possessor (indefinite or definite) is placed after it. For pronominal possessors, the disjunctive pronoun is used.
- Moladh a thachd m'éumhadh hú.
/ˈmɔˤːʀəɬ ʔə ˈɬɐxt ˈm‿yəwəɬ ʉː/
mol-adh a-L tachd moL émh-uadh ú
thank-PRES DEF.SG.M child MO mother-CONS.SG.F 3SG.M.DISJ
The child thanks his mother.
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Conjunctions
- ar: 'and'
- ad: 'or'
- ach: 'but'
- fuíd: 'because'
Dependent clauses
Relative clauses
The relativizer is riN. A resumptive pronoun may be used when the head is not the subject of the relative clause, and is mandatory when the head is a prepositional object or a possessor.
- A char ri mhfeiladh hú "Zibharn"
- The man whose name was "Lightning"
Time clauses
There are two ways of forming time clauses.
Phrasebook
- Feiladh dhá [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
- Tá a ŋgoimhra? (vulgar) = I don't give a shit!