Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond
Rostherian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (erhbaerostherim 'The Rostherian language') is a Talmic language spoken in East Cuadhlabh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
Todo
- bon- = profession
- bonpenicili, bonpenicili- = penicillin player
- hesh-, henysh = water, liquid
- hesnhoqa-, hesnhoq = sauce (noqa-, noq = 'top')
- heshołhi-, heshołhi = fruit juice
- vîpy-, vîp = eye
- heshvîpy-, heshvîp = tears
- qeqeqeqeqe... = (laughter or snickering)
- hołhi-, hołhi, hôłhi = fruit
- qârhan = laugh
Numbers
- 1: pêm
- 2: tiłuar
- 3: narhg
- 4: lôb
- 5: selił
- 6: thiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: barh
- 10: ghîr
- 11: hunaes?
- 12: naes
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | nh /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | th /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | dh /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | sh /ʂ/ | łh /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | v /v~w/ | r /r/ | l /l/ | rh /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/ | gh /ʁ/ | ||||
Some dialects also distinguish lh /ɭ/.
Vowels
i i: u u: e e: ə ə: o o: a a: aɪ eɪ iə eʊ uə oɪ iʊ
⟨i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu⟩
Stress
There is no phonemic stress, and all syllables are stressed roughly equally.
Phonotactics
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > î
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > sh; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > rh
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > rhelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bâłhi 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > rh-, m-, nh-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > sh-, rh-, sh-
- *st, sk > t-/st, th-/sth-
- stas- > tatsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > thytti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > rhb, rhdh, rhg
- *nasg- > narhg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > tłiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ôłus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, :ʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > nêth /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > shûn 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > lênh 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > rhîd 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt ss ts gh
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > th-/sth, s-/ss
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. The Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in Naquian).
Nouns may end in a consonant, i, e or u.
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the preservation of the original single consonant in the reduplicant (as opposed to the cluster which interacted to produce new consonants and clusters in the stem)
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Verbs
Evidentiality/Discourse affixes
Object incorporation
hothicâsyn 'eat fruit' < hothi 'fruit' + câsyn 'eat'
Object affixes
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- | mi- |
| 1 + 2 | - | łi- |
| 2 | ti- | hi- |
| 3 | bi- | ne- |
Subject+TAM affixes
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Voice affixes
-ron = passive suffix