Dagestani Azeri (Азәр Тили)
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Азәр Тили (Azer Tili)
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Plosives | p b β | t d | c ɟ | k g | q ɢ | ʔ | ||
| Aspirated / Ejective | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||
| Affricates | ts dz | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Fricatives | f v | s z ð | ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ | ç j | x ɣ | χ ʁ | h | |
| Approximants | w | l | j | |||||
| Lateral fricatives | ɬ | |||||||
| Trills / Taps | r ʐ |
Notes:
- /β/ appears word-finally (Latin -bv, Cyrillic б̣).
- /ʐ/ arises from final -rz sequences.
- /ɬ/ (Latin lž, Cyrillic Ӆ) occurs word-finally.
- /ʑ/ is represented by Җ.
- /ɟ/ occurs mainly in loanwords (Ҝ).
- /ʔ/ is represented by Һ (hamza).
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | ɯ | u |
| Near-close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
| Mid | e ø | ɘ ɤ | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | æ a | ɑ |
Additional notes:
- Palatalized vowels /ʲa, ʲe, ʲi, ʲo, ʲu/ are represented with digraphs (аь, еь, иь, оь, уь).
- Nasalization is not phonemic but occurs in some dialects.
- Long vowels (ī, ū, etc.) are marked with macrons.
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Alphabet
The Azer Tili writing system uses multiple scripts: Cyrillic, Latin, Mongolian, and Arabic.
| № | Cyrillic | Latin | Mongolian | Arabic | IPA | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | А а | A a | ᠠ | ا | /ɑ/ | Adam |
| 2 | Ә ә | Ä ä | ᠠ + ᠶ | ﯼَ | /æ/ | Әне |
| 3 | Ӑ ӑ | Ă ă | ᠣ | ع / ە | /ɤ/ | Ӑлăн |
| 4 | Б б | B b | ᠪ | ب | /b/ | беретик |
| 5 | В в | V v | ᠸ | ڤ | /v/ | Важ |
| 6 | Г г | G g | ᠭ | گ | /g/ | Гюрзек |
| 7 | Ғ ғ | Ğ ğ | ᠭ | غ | /ɣ/ | Ғузел |
| 8 | Д д | D d | ᠳ | د | /d/ | Дёгем |
| 9 | Е е | E e | ᠡ | ﯼِ | /je/ | Ел |
| 10 | Ё ё | Yo yo | ᠶᠣ | يُ | /jo/ | Ёрық |
| 11 | Ж ж | Ž ž | ᠵ | ژ | /ʒ/ | Жан |
| 12 | З з | Z z | ᠽ | ز | /z/ | Зонда |
| 13 | Ҙ ҙ | Ź ź | ᠰ + ᠶ | ذ | /ð/ | Ҙин |
| 14 | И и | I i | ᠢ | ى | /i/ | il |
| 15 | Й й | Y y | ᠶ | ي | /j/ | Йалгыр |
| 16 | К к | K k | ᠺ / ᠻ | ك | /k/ | Калтыш |
| 17 | Қ қ | Q q | ᠬ | ق | /q/ | Қaзағстан |
| 18 | Л л | L l | ᠯ | ل | /l/ | Луша |
| 19 | М м | M m | ᠮ | م | /m/ | Мурат |
| 20 | Н н | N n | ᠨ | ن | /n/ | Намаз |
| 21 | Ң ң | Ň ň | ᠩ | ڭ | /ŋ/ | — |
| 22 | О о | O o | ᠣ | و | /o/ | Оруша |
| 23 | Ө ө | Ö ö | ᠥ | ۆ | /ø/ | Өй |
| 24 | П п | P p | ᠫ | پ | /p/ | Пара |
| 25 | Р р | R r | ᠷ | ر | /r/ | Рахм |
| 26 | С с | S s | ᠰ | س | /s/ | славын |
| 27 | Ç ç | Ś ś | ᠱ / ᠰ + ᠶ | ث | — | Çан |
| 28 | Т т | T t | ᠲ | ت | /t/ | тӧгур |
| 29 | У у | U u | ᠤ | و | /u/ | Уш |
| 30 | Ү ү | Ü ü | ᠦ | ۈ | /y/ | Үй |
| 31 | Ф ф | F f | ᠹ | ف | /f/ | Фил |
| 32 | Х х | Kh kh | ᠬ / ᠱ | خ | /x/ | xалуд |
| 33 | Ҳ ҳ | H h | ᠬᠡ | ھ | /h/ | Ҳак |
| 34 | Ц ц | Ts ts | ᠴ + ᠰ | څ / ﭺ | /ts/ | Цен |
| 35 | Ч ч | Č č | ᠴ | چ | /tʃ/ | Чегар |
| 36 | Ҹ ҹ | Dž dž | ᠵ + ᠵ | ج | /dʒ/ | Ҹар |
| 37 | Ш ш | Š š | ᠱ | ش | /ʃ/ | Шир |
| 38 | Щ щ | ŠČ šč | ᠱᠴ | شچ | /ɕː/ | Щит |
| 39 | Ы ы | I ı | ᠶᠢ / ᠶᠡ | ﯼْ | /ɯ/ | Ызик |
| 40 | Э э | E e | ᠡ | ﮬ / ﺍِ | /ɛ/ | Эмек |
| 41 | Ю ю | Yu yu | ᠶᠤ | يُ | /ju/ | Юҥар |
| 42 | Я я | Ya ya | ᠶᠠ | يَ | /ja/ | Яш |
| 43 | аь | á | ᠠ + ᠶ | ىَ | /ʲɑ/ | саьаьл |
| 44 | еь | é | ᠡ + ᠶ | ىِ | /ʲe/ | Ҹомеь |
| 45 | иь | í | ᠢ + ᠶ | ىِّ | /ʲi/ | моьдиьр |
| 46 | оь | ó | ᠣ + ᠶ | وِ | /ʲo/ | Моьрқ |
| 47 | уь | ú | ᠤ + ᠶ | وِّ | /ʲu/ | — |
| 48 | Ӗ ӗ | Ӗ ӗ | ᠡ + ᠶ | ﮪ | /ɘ/ | — |
| 49 | Һ һ | Ⱨ ⱨ | ᠬ | ء | /ʔ/ | Ⱨamza |
| 50 | Ҕ ҕ | Ƣ ƣ | ᠭ | غ | /ʁ/ | — |
| 51 | Җ җ | Ⱬ ⱬ | ᠵ | ж | /ʑ/ | — |
| 52 | Ҝ ҝ | J̌ ǰ | ᠵ + ᠵ | — | /ɟ/ | Ҝен |
| 53 | Б̣ б̣ | BV bv | ᠪ + ᠪ | — | /β/ | Китаб̣ |
| 54 | Ұ ұ | W w | — | — | /w/ | — |
| 55 | Ӆ ӆ | Lž lž / Ɬ ɬ | — | — | /ɬ/ | — |
Grammar
Morphology: Agglutinative, like Turkic and Uralic languages.
Cases
| Case | Function | Suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Subject | -ны / -ни | вежикни |
| Accusative | Direct object | -ын / -ин | вежикин |
| Genitive | Possessor | -ын / -ин | вежикин |
| Dative | To/for | -га / -ге | вежикге |
| Locative | In/at | -да / -де | вежикде |
| Ablative | From | -дан / -ден | вежикден |
| Instrumental | With/by | -менен | вежикменен |
| Comitative | Together with | -ыла / -иле | вежикиле |
Personal Suffixes
| Person | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | -м | киьтаьбым |
| 2sg | -н | киьтаьб̣ын |
| 3sg | -сы / -си | киьтаьб̣сы |
| 1pl | -быз / -биз | киьтаьб̣быз |
| 2pl | -ныз / -низ | киьтаьб̣ныз |
| 3pl | -сы / -си | киьтаьб̣cы |
Vowel harmony applies (front/back).
Verb Conjugation
Севине ("to love"):
| Person | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | -ман | севинеман |
| You (sg.) | -сан | севинесан |
| He/She/It | -р | севинер |
| We | -быз/-биз | севинебиз |
| You (pl.) | -сыз/-сиз | севинесиз |
| They | -лар/-лер | севинелер |
Future with -ǧan/-gen/-qan/-ken + bol-:
- men barǧan bolam → "I will go"
- sen kelgen bolasan → "You will come"
- ol yazǧan bolar → "He/She will write"
Past with -dı/-di/-du/-dü:
- men bardı ("I went")
- sen keldi ("You came")
- ol yazdı ("He wrote")
Degrees of Comparison
- Comparative: suffix -raq
- tez → tezraq ("fast → faster")
- Superlative: prefix en-
- en tez → "fastest"
- en chürekli → "kindest"
Numerals
| Number | Form |
|---|---|
| 1 | ăbär |
| 2 | iǰi |
| 3 | üšč |
| 4 | dört |
| 5 | béš |
| 6 | altı |
| 7 | śeti / ǰeti |
| 8 | sikkeź / seggirz |
| 9 | doƣuź / doƣurz |
| 10 | won |
| 20 | džıǰıme |
| 30 | oduź / odurz |
| 40 | qırıq |
| 50 | ellikk |
| 60 | altmılž |
| 70 | džetmilž |
| 80 | sikkeźen |
| 90 | doƣuźen |
| 100 | jurź / jurz |
| 1000 | biŋ |
| 10,000 | tümen |